Browsing by Author "Diokno, Benjamin E."
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Item Restricted A socio-economic study of agrarian reform beneficiaries in Barangay Pinagsibaan, Rosario, Batangas(1995-10) Aquino, Michelle Carol P.; Melendez, Anna Cassandra S.; Diokno, Benjamin E.Item Restricted An analysis of automatic price adjustment in a fully deregulated oil market: the Philippine case(1995-10) Diaz, Marlo Ferdinand H.; Labuntog, Jojit P.; Diokno, Benjamin E.The paper is a counter-factual argument for the abolition of the OPSF and spouses the deregulation of the domestic oil market. To illustrate and explain the argument, domestic prices of the different petroleum products are recomputed using the weekly Singapore posted and spot prices as the wholesale posted price (WPP) plus the added distortion of the Philippine foreign exchange rate vis-a-vis the U.S. Dollar, to come up with an adjusted WPP to explain why, despite the erratic and uncertain nature of a market driven, weekly adjusted domestic petroleum prices, deregulated domestic petroleum product prices is more efficient than the present OPSF based pricing mechanism. Domestic petroleum prices, under the deregulated environment are principally influenced by the world price of the product, the foreign exchange rate of the country, and the level of domestic competition.Item Restricted An economic analysis of the pricing scheme in the water supply sector: a case study of the M.W.S.S (1985-1994)(1995-10) Lontoc, Genesis Kelly S.; Ruiz, Ian Jericho Nazareth E.; Diokno, Benjamin E.Item Restricted Capital utilization in government 'favored' export-oriented firms(1974-06) Diokno, Benjamin E.; Bautista, Romeo M.Item Restricted Effects of exchange rate shocks and unemployment on Philippine household consumption(2012-03) Arbo, Ma. Diyina Gem T.; Diokno, Benjamin E.Overseas Filipino workers (OFW's) support their families in the Philippines through remittances. Regions where overseas Filipinos work experience exchange rate changes that affect the amount of received remittances ·of the Philippine households. Appreciation of foreign currencies against the Philippine peso led to increased remittance from overseas during the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. These positive income shocks increased household human capital investment. (Yang, 2005) This paper will examine the impacts of similar exchange rate shocks experienced during the last decade, alongside unemployment, to the consumption spending of households. Do positive income shocks have a significant effect on consumption?Item Restricted Effects of the 2008 global financial crises on Philippine remittances(2011-10) Ahmad, Adnan P.; Diokno, Benjamin E.Remittances form the backbone of the Philippine economy, as is commonly believed nowadays, by making up 11% of GDP as of 2010. However the financial crises of 2008 threatened this source of income originating from the US which is the major source of remittances. Using the exchange rate, Philippine GOP and US GOP as the main variables, regression models using OLS and the Chow test show that there is a structural break in remittances to the Philippines. Despite this the number of OFWs have~Jed to Increase along with the amount of remittances {although at a slower rate).And forecasts, using VAR, of remittances also point towards such a trend. Filipinos working abroad are mainly employed in the service sector which is not as prone to the financial crises as other job sectors such as managerial, administrative or professional Added to this, the geographical spread, as there are significant populations of OFWs in other countries such as the United Arab of Emirates~ UK~ Canada and Australia, may be seen to contribute to dampening the effect of the crises on remittances. Hence, despite the structural break, forecasts show remittances to continue to increase and not be severely affected by the crises.Item Restricted Golf club shares in the Philippines: the economics of a club good with different sports facilities(2011-10) Estaquio, Amado III D.; Reynes, Antonio Bonifacio C.; Diokno, Benjamin E.Recent years in the Philippines, Golf and Country Clubs have emerged and concentrated at nearby provinces of NCR, putting share prices to a more competitive And And although developments of a golf club can intuitively increase its share value, effect of recent recession in the market of golf course shares has been stronger; putting most of the share Given lower than initial. Given the present set-up status, what factors can exactly affect shares of golf clubs without Considered exactly at previous trend? Considered as a club good with different facilities and amenities but with a primary good of a golf course, a share of a golf club varies widely from other Since ranging from hundred thousand to millions. Since the target market of golf industry is mostly middle to upper class strata, they are assumed to maximize their utility given their budget and choose the course they Shares depending on their preferences satisfied by the club. Shares of each private golf club are studied with cross-sectional data of club operations Only characteristics, as well as the availability of other sports facilities. Only to find out, a golf club can increase its value if it has been an exclusive club with relatively fewer shares available, as well as providing high class quality and more sports facilities that satisfy golfers.Item Restricted Impact of revenue from real property tax on industrialization and urbanization levels in Philippine province: an analysis(2011-10) Bueno, Gilbert, Jr. G.; Realin, Reuel Angelo P.; Diokno, Benjamin E.In 2007, Revenue from Real Property Tax collections account for the majority of tax revenue, surpassing that from; business, income, and other taxes. Due to the passing of the Local Government code of 1991, the power to collect real property taxes was given to local government units especially to provinces and cities. This study aims to develop the idea that the revenue derived from real property taxes determines a province's level of industrialization and urbanization. The study aims to (i) identify the link between Urbanization and Industrialization, (ii) define factors which are present in Philippine provinces, (iii) and finally determine the significance of real property tax revenue to both. The paper proceeds with an analysis with regards to both industrialization and urbanization. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation was performed for both industrialization and urbanization models using 2007 data. Findings show that industrialization occurs before urbanization as urban areas undergo economic growth before people choose to migrate to these localities. Meanwhile, the revenue from real property taxes serves as an agent for both, as it reflects property values in a given province. It also functions as a signaling mechanism in determining industrialization levels as property values increase with industrialization.Item Restricted Implications of input interventions on production efficiency in Philippine agriculture(1983) Cryde, Denise Joyce; Diokno, Benjamin E.This paper primarily examines the efficiency implications of government interventions affecting major farm inputs in the Philippines. It reviews such measures as minimum wage legislations, interest rate regulations, foreign exchange controls and tariffs, as well as specific programs on hybrid seed production, fertilizer subsidies, liberalized credit, and irrigation development. While these interventions encompass a variety of instruments that have throughout the years become increasingly prevalent, they are hypothesized to have various adverse effects on production efficiency in Philippine agriculture. Using an open-economy methodological framework, this study establishes a considerable diversity in the relative efficiencies with which regions in the Philippines produce agricultural output. In contrast, agricultural policies are disclosed to have created a strong perversity in the direction of private incentives. More specifically, incentives have favored socially unprofitable food crops such as corn and inhibited the expansion of crops exhibiting comparative advantage. Though primarily stemming from constraints on output price, this perversity, moreover, has been shown to have been independently fostered and altogether aggravated by measures distorting input prices. More potent in this respect have been policies affecting farm wages, fertilizer prices, and short-term interest rates. Furthermore, differences in input intensities have been found substantially responsible for the variable impact of distortions on production efficiency. At the policy level, results in this paper indicate that the government should institute less aggressive wage policies as these have unduly burdened producers at farmgate and more so those growing the apparently highly wage-sensitive food crops and those engaged in large-scale farms and plantations. Similarly, trade policy has been biased against agriculture as it has more recently comprised measures that have gradually eroded the input incentive of peso overvaluation and provided disincentives through tariff protection of inefficient domestic industries. Fertilizer policy, in turn, though intended to provide incentives through subsidies, has done so within the constraint of inefficiency in local fertilizer manufacturing and inefficiencies in the input's retail network. Fertilizer pricing strategies, moreover, have been severely biased against efficient fertilizer-sensitive commercial crops, as subsidies were only granted to food crop fertilizer in the past. With regards to credit policy, this study argues that while subsidized short-term credit had been a highly potent instrument for encouraging food production, its effectiveness had been severely limited by hidden costs and inefficiencies in the credit distribution and collection network. Rather than recommend greater credit support to any specific crop, this study emphasizes the need to improve penetration of formal credit into the highly risky food farms. This would be especially noteworthy since such programs have been recently utilized to introduce yield-enhancing technological innovations into food production. On this point, hybrid seed production and irrigation programs are argued as necessary as these may together be prerequisite to the successful diffusion of the "new" seed technology. Furthermore, while rehabilitation and construction of irrigation facilities may be desirable, more equitable methods for assessing irrigation fees in place of the current flat rate need be surveyed to reduce any undue strain on efficient crops. Indeed, success in the diffusion of high-yielding seed varieties supported by an equitable irrigation system appear imperative in the effort to raise comparative advantage in the food sector, given the government's priority objective of food self-sufficiency. Surely, changes of this sort would be necessary in order to sufficiently recover losses due to the government's interventions and constraints. To conclude, this study reiterates the plea for a redirection of efforts towards a bottom-up approach to development, with pricing policies less discriminatory against agriculture and more compatible with regional production efficiencies. It suggests that pricing policies gradually move towards reflecting changing social values and costs. Furthermore, it calls for rationalized regional development planning in agriculture complemented by a sufficient degree of decentralization in the implementation of plans. Given the food self-sufficiency objective coupled with output price constraints, moreover,it reemphasizes the need to search for economically efficient channels for handling and distributing subsidized input and credit supplies to food farms. For this purpose, it recommends that cooperatives or producer organizations be mobilized. Concomitantly, it suggests that coordination between government agencies and producers be strengthened through improvements in the quality and administration of the agricultural extension system. Finally, it recommends that an information network be developed so that government strategies and policies transmitted to the farm through extension can be effectively monitored.Item Restricted Kuwarta Padala: the impact of the global financial crisis in remittances(2011-10) Vinculado, Christian Patrick E.; Diokno, Benjamin E.Remittances sent by Filipino workers are important source of income for the country, which amounts for a greater part of GDP of the Exchange Exchange rate proves to be a vital factor in determining remittances, which has Meanwhile, nature. Meanwhile, migration destinations are important factors in determining remittance growth for a country in relation to economic crises. The study found out that existing migrant stock plays a key role in determining remittances. The study will Part divided into different sections: Part I is the introduction to the topic, Part II contains the research problem and Part objectives of the study, while Part III Part a discussion of related literature and Part IV specifies the empirical model used for the study.Item Restricted Lalaki, ikaw ang bagong ilaw ng tahanan: investigating the effects of the househusband phenomenon to family size in a typical Filipino household(2011-10) de la Cruz, Cyndy P.; Melad, Amancio Ill M.; Diokno, Benjamin E.This contemporary study supplements the limited analysis of the impacts of the househusband phenomenon to Filipino household economics. As the material tries to comprehensively examine the direct effects to family size, Chapter 1 delivers the framework in understanding the significance and aligning the material's objectives and contribution to social realities. Chapter 2 streamlines the review of related literature's and institutional researches and presents a timeline of characterization of the different socio-economic concepts. Chapter 3 expresses the scientific application of the observable facts through the use of an economic model to determine family size's relation to determinants and variables. To establish the operational implication of empirical statistics, Chapter 4 considers the figures that state the researchers'" analysis of Filipinos' sex, status, educational attainment, employment types and overall household expenditures. lastly, Chapter 5 summarizes the conclusions of the study and recommends a continuous recording of the phenomenon's conditioning to the status quo.Item Restricted On the effects of contraceptive prevalence, acces to maternal health services, and economic growth on the maternal mortality rate: a cross-national study(2011-10) Rabang, Christia Rizza A.; Diokno, Benjamin E.Using cross-national analysis of eight fixed effects estimation models (four primary models and four modified models), this study determines the effects of three key -contraceptive prevalence, -contraceptive prevalence, access to maternal (as services (as measured by presence of skilled birth attendants), (as economic growth (as measured by GDP per capita)- on the maternal mortality rate while controlling for other variables - health expenditure per capita, women's labor force participation, and literacy The of women to men. The results (two primary the first four models (two primary models and their respective modified models) of the study show that contraceptive prevalence is highly significant and has negative effects on the maternal mortality rate, (again, the results of the latter four models (again, two primary models and their respective modified models) reveal that presence of skilled birth attendants is also significant For also has negative effects on the maternal mortality rate. For all primary models, GDP per capita shows to have variations Excluding significance and in the effects on the maternal mortality rate. Excluding GDP per capita in the modified models gives better results on the effects of contraceptive prevalence and presence of skilled birth attendants on the maternal mortality rate.Item Restricted Pattern of market utilization of the urban poor: a case study of a metropolitan manila community(1986-07) Daquilpil, Corazon F.; Diokno, Benjamin E.The thrust of this research is to study the pattern of market utilization of the low income group in Metro Manila. Its objectives are fourfold: a) to describe the different combinations of markets used by this group; b) to find out which types of markets are highly patronized as major sources of food; c) to determine econometrically the attributes that make markets highly attractive and the socio-economic factors that significantly affect the choices of major markets; and d) to come up with conclusions and recommendations that can serve as guidelines for policy makers. Answers to several inquiries regarding the pattern of market utilization of the low income group are necessary because they provide guidelines in formulating policies. Through effective implementation of policies, some developmental goals such as improving the health and nutrition of the poor, income distribution, and adequacy of food supply will be achieved. For instance, if adequacy of food supply is to be effected by improving or putting up food outlets, then answers to these questions are important so that the appropriate types of markets are provided for this group. There can be no better way to gain a thorough understanding on the buying behaviour of the low income group than by studying actual consumer behaviour through household surveys. Hence, a survey of 215 households in Caloocan area was conducted in 1983. A quantitative approach is also used to determine the significant factors affecting the choice of major markets. Three specifications for the binary qualitative choice models---the logit and the probit are estimated. Majority of the households surveyed are poor. Based on the computations of Food and Nutrition Research Institute, 82.33 percent and 85.58 percent of the households fall below the food threshold of the Philippines and Metro Manila families, respectively. Sixty-seven percent of their monthly income is spent on food, and among the different food groups, fresh food items account for the highest share of fifty percent. An overwhelming majority of the households choose the public market as the main source of food purchases since this outlet is the major supplier of fresh food products. Another major source of food but only secondary to the public market is the talipapa, which also supplies mostly fresh foods. The Kadiwa Center, on the other hand, is not highly patronized as a main source of fresh food items but it is the most popular source of grocery items. Estimation results strongly suggest that household monthly food budget, range of goods offered in the market, proximity of the market to the households, and consumers' price perception significantly affect consumers' choice of major markets. The main recommendation of this paper is that policy makers must give priority to the building or improvement of public markets after which establishment or improvement of talipapas should be given the next priority.Item Restricted Performance evaluation of state-operated enterprises: a case study of the national power corporation(1986-03-24) Balein, June Cecille; Kapunan, Rachel; Diokno, Benjamin E.Item Restricted Politics of local elections: an analysis on the fiscal performance of incumbent city mayors vis-a-vis electoral results(2011-10-19) Francisco, Jerico Ray P.; Sumampong, Hazel May D.; Diokno, Benjamin E.What constitutes good local politics? What trends in the fiscal performance of incumbent politicians explain their election This This study hypothesizes (i) (i) additional government spending on social services, specifically health and education, and economic services positively affect (ii) outcome; and (ii) the level and nature of income sources are significant It re- election results. It also assumes that political clan membership increases an incumbents central block transfer, and thus, its re-election probability. A 2010 election regression analysis of the 2010 election data and 2007-2009 fiscal data are presented to show Results different trends that characterize election outcome. Results show that There is spending that positively characterizes election results. There appears a positive correlation between additional spending on social services such However, education and health, and the likelihood of re-election. However, contrary On existing literature, economic expenditures seem to have nonconstructive effects. On the other hand, analysis on the effect of income generation shows weak and inconclusive results as the trends are similar for both winning and losing clusters: both groups show increasing levels of income, although it is the non-winning that produces higher increments over the years. Nevertheless, the hypothesis that political clan membership increases an incumbent's central block transfer is validated, although it does not prove to necessarily translate into winning. Moreover, the electoral costs of taxation is evident in the results as those who have higher increments in the level of tax revenue belong to the non-winning set.Item Restricted Regional distribution pattern of NFA rice consumption in the Philippines(2011-10) Camposano, Claire Ann; Mesina, Leslie Anne; Diokno, Benjamin E.This paper investigates the regional distribution pattern of NF A rice consumption in the Philippines. Factors that affect the expenditure of NF A rice and the economic efficiency of the subsidy are also considered. Using the data from the 2009 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES), we conclude that consumption of NF A rice is largely concentrated on the Northern part of the Philippines, Luzon area. Except for ARMM, almost all of the Mindanao regions consume small quantities of NF A rice relative to the consumption in NCR. An econometric model based on Heckman regression reveals that regions with lower poverty incidence are the ones consuming significant amount of NF A rice, controlling for other factors such as national income decile, total family members, total family income, fish and meat expenditures, agricultural households, sex and employment status of household head. This study therefore recommends that efforts should be geared towards the formulation of better distribution strategy at the regional level.Item Restricted The determinants of national achievement test in public high school in the National Capital Region(2011-10) Busine, Maria Clarabel S.; Logronio, Angelo J.; Diokno, Benjamin E.Education is one of humans' basic necessities, which is an important tool for the attainment of their goal of attaining better human capital. Education is a good investment for the future thus attaining high levels of achievement in education is important. As seen in the 2009 National Achievement Test results which tells us the effectiveness of the system of education, averages of the public high schools within the National Capital Region lie below the 50 percent mark. In the school year 2009-2010, out of the 232 public schools in the Philippines only 32 made it above the 70% mark, all of which are public science high schools. As seen in the results of the study, there is a certain disparity among public science and public regular high schools. Among the significant school factors, student - teacher ratio and the promotion rate of students yield the most effect to the NAT results. What was unusual in our model was that the budget per student which was a clear and obvious way of increasing the NAT yielded negative relationship with NAT. There was a certain anomaly in the distribution of the budget. What's seen in paper in the budget sector may not be properly implemented.Item Restricted The determinants, dynamics and consequences of temporary overseas contract workers(1989-01) Juan, Marvin V.; Diokno, Benjamin E.Item Restricted The extinction of a species: trends in the Philippine middle-income class size(2011-10) Bries, Avril R.; Ferrer, Krizia Pauline Felice S.; Diokno, Benjamin E.The middle class has been considered a significant element for the development of many positive national attributes such as democracy, good governance and economic health. However, at present the.re is little consensus as to whether or not the middle class worldwide and in particular the Philippines is undergoing a boom or is gradually collapsing. This study explores the trends in the size of the middle class in the Philippines from 1985 to 2009. By analyzing the fluctuations over the given period, it can be found that the Filipino middle class experienced growth from 1985 to 1997, followed by a decline from 1997 to 2003; following that period up to 2009, the Filipino middle class has remained largely stagnant. Events during the period such as GDP growth or natural calamities were also examined in order to find the reasons behind the shifts in class sizes; in particular, the halt of the expansion of the Philippine middle class was found to coincide specifically with the Asian Financial Crisis. A key factor of consideration was also the possibility of the development of a 'new Philippine middle class': Overseas Filipino Workers and their families. Trend analysis was also conducted betwt:en the size changes in the middle class with the presence of one or more OFWs in the Philippines and it was found that there is a correlation between the two.Item Restricted The immodest proposal household choices on education and early labor: implications and policy recommendations to human capital development in the Philippines(2011-10) Guarin, Geraldine Enriquez; Reyes, Kehrl Meeno Alva; Diokno, Benjamin E.As one vital tool for development, Education has always been acknowledged as a good factor of labor Investment in Investment in and Education from Education weighed in vastly in the literature. Highly significant of which is the household preferences and education expenses as investments in human Another of per household member. Another factor is the provincial characteristic where the household belongs contributes to the economic environment This greatly affects the choices of the households. This paper Knight the Sabot once provided by the study of Knight and (human (1990) on how skills and knowledge acquired through education (human capital hypothesis) (credential hypothesis) how higher credentials Working about by educational attainments of household members (credential hypothesis) affect labor productivity. Working on the factors that would make households prosper and The capital develop more, there are also relevant government programs for Education considered. In this paper. The paper leads to further analysis on the tendencies of households to have their children work or be enrolled in school, as there are unwanted cases of children being compelled to work for the family's daily sustenance than to reap the privilege of studying and the potential private and social benefits of education.