Browsing by Author "Estrada, Miguel Antonio G."

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    Globalization and the narrowing of the gender gap in labor markets
    (2021-06) Estrada, Miguel Antonio G.; Daway-Ducanes, Sarah Lynne S.
    Despite a general reduction in global gender inequality over the years, women continue to face discrimination in labor markets. Women’s labor force participation in 2019 was only at 47.3%—substantially lower by 27 percentage points compared to men. Among factors that open economic opportunities to women, globalization has been among the most widely examined. The classic argument is that increased economic flows create work opportunities, especially for low-skilled individuals who are mostly females. However, this idea tends to reduce globalization to just one area and misses out other important facets. Using the multi-faceted KOF globalization index and the economic, social, and political sub-indices, as well as de facto measures of openness, we examine the effect of globalization on gender equality, as measured by the (a) female-to-male labor force participation ratio (F-M LFPR) and (b) F-M ratio of wage and salaried workers-to-working age population, wherein an increase in either ratio signals a narrowing of the gender gap. Employing two-step system GMM on a panel of 160 countries for the period 1997-2015, we find evidence that certain aspects of globalization result in a narrowing of the gender gap. In particular, we find that trade openness has a robustly positive effect on the F-M LFPR ratio; while the KOF social globalization has a positive impact on the F-M ratio of wage and salaried workers-to-working age population. We also find that institutions play a more significant role in reducing the gender gap for wage and salaried workers than for workers in general. The results suggest differences in the nature of informal and formal sector work, in that the former tends to be less likely found among wage and salaried work, where rules on equal treatment and non-discrimination tend to be more binding.
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    The young Filipino adult's smoking decision: how do education, family and religion affect risk perceptions?
    (2011-04) Cases, Sheena Kristine M.; Estrada, Miguel Antonio G.; Carlos, Fidelina N.
    This paper attempts to understand the smoking decision of young Filipino adults. Using data from the 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study, the authors try to find out how personal, family, and religious practices affect the young Filipino adult's perceptions of the risks involved in smoking. The authors borrow from Viscusi's Risk-Perception Theory for the framework of this study. In the theory, risk perceptions determine the individual's decision whether to engage in smoking or not. Of the variables deemed significant in the formation of risk assessments, education appears to be significant in making an individual not likely to smoke. Much more, educational motivations do affect an individual's decision-making. Lastly, the family, particularly the family religious practices and their involvement in risk or problem behaviors (such as drinking and smoking), has a significant effect on young Filipino adult's smoking decisions.