Browsing by Author "Liberato, Aleiza Karrina B."

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    The cost of what we cause: the impact of governance, democracy, and military expenditures on carbon dioxide and methane emissions
    (2020-12) Gonzales, Hanna Almirah; Liberato, Aleiza Karrina B.; Epetia, Ma. Christina F.
    With the deterioration of the quality of the environment, most policymakers include controlling pollution, caused by the escalating greenhouse gas emissions, in their agenda. However, the success of these policies is determined by the resulting quality of a country’s set of institutions. Therefore, this paper aims to: (1) understand the relationship between the quality of institutions and environmental quality through analyzing whether better institutional quality enhances environmental conditions and (2) recognize the implication of this relationship in the success of environmental policies, specifically the Kyoto Protocol. The estimation of this relationship is conducted through the fixed effects model by using a panel dataset composed of annual data on carbon dioxide and methane emissions, governance, military expenditure, democracy score, and relevant control variables such as GNI, value-added in agriculture, and urban population growth for the period of 1996 until 2016. The results indicate a negative and significant relationship between the quality of government institutions and environmental conditions which implies that higher government effectiveness decreases carbon dioxide and methane emissions. Additionally, the results confirm that democratic and anocratic countries have higher carbon dioxide and methane emissions than those in autocratic countries. Finally, the results signify that an increase in military expenditures produces fewer methane emissions, while an insignificant outcome for its effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, it is vital to re-evaluate the role and effectiveness of institutions and take them into account, particularly when creating and implementing policies, in order to successfully mitigate carbon dioxide and methane emissions