Browsing by Author "Mangahas, Mahar"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 20
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    A comparison of urban-rural cost of living
    (1975-01) Rasul, Amina; Mangahas, Mahar
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    A probe into the Philippine poverty threshold
    (1974-01) Abrera, Alcetis Sityar; Mangahas, Mahar
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    A study of property and entrepreneurial income in the Philippines, 1956-71
    (1975-03) Sta. Romana, Leonardo L. III; Mangahas, Mahar
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    Contribution of the agricultural sector to economic development
    (1976-03) Ahmad, Djakfar; Mangahas, Mahar
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    Decomposition of the Gini ratio, Philippines 1961, 1965 and 1971
    (1974-01) Aromin, Arlene B.; Panga, Ela T.; Mangahas, Mahar
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    Family expenditure patterns in the Philippines
    (1973-01) Barlis, Mindanilla B.; Mangahas, Mahar
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    Growth, income distribution and poverty in the year 2000
    (1981-04) Barlis, Mindanilla B.; Mangahas, Mahar
    This study presents an approach whereby income distribution of the Philippines can be projected in the year 2000 and the magnitude of poverty estimated, so that policy recommendations addressing poverty reduction may be stated in quantifiable objectives. In the absence of a model that would predict income distribution from given changes in production structure, this study draws on Simon Kuznets' hypothesis that income distribution gets worse before it gets better in the course of development. One of the several cross-country studies quantifying Kuznets' hypothesis was taken to be indicative of the general relationship associating a level of development (as measured by per capita GNP) with a level of income inequality. This general trendline has an inverted U-shape. Although there were several countries which deviated from this trendline, the Philippine case was shown not to have deviated much from this line for the five years when income distribution data for the country were available - 1957, 1961, 1965, 1971, 1975. Up to 1975, the Philippine case is found at that point wherein income inequality is still on the uptrend. GNP per capita levels were then projected to the year 2000 using alternative growth rates so that these alternative levels of development can be traced against the general trendline and the corresponding income inequality levels can be read off from the chart. Assuming that the size distribution of income follows a lognormal distribution, Philippine income distributions were projected corresponding to each alternative GNP growth rate assumption. The underlying assumption in this study is that the resulting income distributions are attributable mainly to growth in GNP per capita and implies that there are no drastic changes in the production structure of the present to the year 2000. The resulting income distribution projections were used to demonstrate how the magnitude of poverty can be quantified (and associated directly with economic growth) by using several poverty threshold lines or norms.
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    Mineral resources and economic growth: selected indicators for the Philippines
    (1976-03) Medalla, Felipe; Mangahas, Mahar
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    Petroleum consumption in the Philippines: a macroeconomic analysis
    (1976-11) Gonzalo, Lido P.; Mangahas, Mahar
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    Philippine minimum wage policies 1951-1981
    (1981-09) Panganiban, Leah del Rosario; Mangahas, Mahar
    The promotion of social development and social justice has always been the proclaimed concern of the State. The State aims to promote social justice by altering the inequitable distribution of income. One of the means by which the State can achieve this is through wage policies. This paper argues that minimum wage policies were not deliberately formulated to redistribute income. No regular pattern has been observed regarding adjustments in the minimum wage and cost of living allowances. Wage policies during the period 1951 to 1972 seemed to be mere reactions to political pressures. Those formulated during the period 1973 to 1980, on the other hand, seemed to be responses to price increases (inflation). Furthermore, the lack of an efficient monitoring system makes it difficult to determine whether workers do receive the wages they are legally entitled to. The paper also looks into the wage system in the sugar industry as a case study. The Social Amelioration Program meant to transfer income from sugar millers and planters to sugar workers is discussed. However, no attempt to measure the benefits and costs of the said program was made.
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    Rice importation in Indonesia, 1961-1974
    (1977-02) Dawood, Dayan; Mangahas, Mahar
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    The distributive effects of consumer price control policies 1971-1979
    (1981-04) Crisologo, Lorelei T.; Mangahas, Mahar
    The concern to obtain a more equitable income distribution has been present in Philippine public policy. The adoption of consumer price control measures since 1939 to the present has been made with this intention. Consumer price control policies affect favorably the condition of equity through a control of the prices of basic goods which therefore, redistributes consumption in favor of low-income consumers. This is possible since a larger portion of the expenditures out of income by these low-income consumers goes to expenditures for basic commodities. The study was concerned, thus, with evaluating the extent to which consumer price control policies redistributed consumption to low-income consumers. Were consumer price control measures implemented during the period 1971 to 1979 successful in obtaining a more equitable distribution of effective purchasing power? The findings of the study which was based on the analysis of selected consumer price control measures for rice, corn, cooking oil and electricity show that indeed, consumers benefitted from such measures. The distribution of benefits among the consumers reflect a progressive pattern. Hence, low-income consumers captured more of the benefits in comparison to the benefits which reached the middle-income and the high-income consumers. However, the study can not completely affirm the favorable effect on equity of these measures since its preliminary findings also show that the distribution of the burden of the costs of consumer price control policies was regressive.
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    The measurement of the distribution of personal wealth in the Philippines
    (1977) Gamboa, Eduardo; Mangahas, Mahar
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    The redistributive potential of the Masagana 99 credit subsidy
    (1981-08) Esguerra, Emmanuel F.; Mangahas, Mahar
    For economic and political reasons, the attainment of self-sufficiency in rice has been a goal of national administrations since the 1950s. The M99 Program was launched in 1973 to add impetus to the government's production intensification campaign for rice. A credit subsidy constitutes the core of the M99 Program consistent with the view that the provision of low-cost credit is the key to increasing farm productivity because it reduces the small farmers' borrowing costs and enhances their self-sufficiency. Thus, the M99 Program is usually perceived as an equity measure. This study examines the potential of the M99 credit subsidy as a mechanism for transferring income to small rice farmers. The coverage of the credit program, the size of the credit subsidy and its distribution among farmer-beneficiaries and between farmer-beneficiaries and credit agencies are the factors considered in establishing the redistributive potential of the credit subsidy. The findings of this study indicate that as an equity measure the M99 credit subsidy is not only ineffective but also expensive to implement. The coverage of the credit program has been limited to at most one-fourth of the total number of small rice farmers in the country. The amount of government subsidy in terms of low-cost funds channeled to the M99 Program has been substantial, although the main portion of this subsidy has accrued to the financial institutions as incentives to lend to small farmers. Because the distribution of M99 loans is not independent of farm size, the distribution of the credit subsidy that eventually reaches farmer-borrowers is biased against small farmers. Furthermore, the income transfers realized by borrowers from the credit subsidy derive mainly from non-repayment of loans. This makes the credit subsidy a costly vehicle for effecting income transfers, without attaining the equity objective. The study also raises the possibility that the low-income groups are bearing the burden of the cost of the M99 credit subsidy. However, this point requires a more systematic examination. Finally, if a reduction of rural interest rates is deemed desirable on equity grounds, measures other than subsidizing the lending costs of institutional credit sources ought to be attempted. Improvements in the small farmers' repayment capacity are likely to have a more lasting impact on the level of rural interest rates than legislated ceilings. A thoroughgoing and genuine land reform may be more effective.
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    The response of Philippine rice farmers to price
    (1965-01) Mangahas, Mahar; Ruttan, Vernon W.
    This thesis aims (a) at estimating the response of the output and marketable surplus of rice to price incentives, for the Philippines as a whole and for each of the several regions, and (b) at determining existing relationships among rice prices at different market levels. The latter aim is handled by straightforward methods for analyzing secular trend and seasonal variation. A competitive model for the rice economy of a region is constructed, of which the output response function is a part. An important consideration is that a significant portion of rice output is channeled towards home consumption. Among the estimation models considered, the simple linear and the distributed lag adjustment models are used to estimate output response, and Krishna's indirect method is used to estimate marketable surplus response. Price response is estimated to be positive, at levels comparable with those computed for other Asian underdeveloped countries. The response estimates and the estimated relationships among rice prices at different market levels provide needed empirical bases for policy decisions, particularly those regarding government support for rice farm prices.
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    The unemployment situation in the Bicol River Basin
    (1975-12) Illo, Jeanne Frances I.; Mangahas, Mahar