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Item Restricted A household level analysis of the socioeconomic determinants of poverty in the Philippines(2016-12) Capistrano, Marinela Isabelle M. ; Melchor, Christine Jamie M. ; Escresa, Laarni C.The recent poverty report filed by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) shows that the country has a poverty incidence estimated to be at 26.3 percent in the first semester of 2015. With this, it is only crucial to determine the socioeconomic factors that affect the poverty status of households in the Philippines using the most recent data available, to take into account the latest changes in the characteristics of the population. The study could thus serve as a contributing element for policy implications that target poverty reduction. The variables that are observed for poverty measurement are per capita income and probabilistic statements on the poverty profile of a household. The study uses three different approaches in measuring the poverty status, namely: a) the natural logarithm of per capita income, b) binomial logistic model, and c) ordered logistic model; which compensate for one another’s weaknesses. These logistic methods have not yet been used in examining poverty determinants in the Philippines. The characteristics of households in rural and urban areas will also be differentiated. Being that household information is needed in this study, the data set to be used is the most recent and available 2012 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO). Results may lead to a better understanding of poverty in the Philippines, providing policy makers a clearer picture of the problem they are trying to address and thus, helping them come up with policies that are up-to-date and fit to the poverty situation today.Item Restricted Determinants of self-rated poverty in the Philippines at the national and household levels(2015-06) Sto Domingo, Jose Ricardo Pineda; Sundiam, Samantha Marie Cabrera; Ducanes, Geoffrey M.This study identifies the core determinants of self-rated poverty in the Philippines, both at the national and household levels; -With such a subjective topic that breaches on a dynamic and multidimensional aspect of poverty, analyzing significant economic and socio-demographic factors can help policymakers deeply understand and effectively address one of the Philippine's long-standing problems. Using an Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag model and a Least Squares Regression model for the macroeconomic variables, it is found that Consumer Price Index, growth rate of real Gross Domestic Product, Underemployment Rate, and Unemployment Rate have significant impact on self-rated poverty. Using an Ordered Logit Regression Analysis for the household-related variables, it is found that Educational Attainment of Household Head and Locale negatively influence poverty perception. Moreover, results show inconclusive data on Overseas Cash Remittances, for which further research is strongly recommended. Lastly, complications were found within the macroeconomic variables, notably with Consumer Price Index, because of the nature of the data.Item Restricted Measuring and monitoring the pace and pattern of inclusive growth in the Philippines(2014-04) Crisostomo, Samantha Carissa D.; Mirafuente, Rafael Vincent B.; Horioka, Charles YujiThis paper attempts to determine the extent of inclusiveness in growth episodes of certain welfare indicators for different marginalized groups in order to shed light on the progress the Philippines has made in reducing poverty and inequality. Developing countries all over the world have begun shifting their policy views towards inclusive development, which is defined as nondiscriminatory, disadvantage-reducing growth. There are three dimensions for inclusive growth; these are productive jobs that pay well, the reduction of inequalities in access to social services and markets, and the presence of adequate social safety nets. Using the Family Income Expenditure Surveys from 1985 to 2009, this paper tracks the growth of income to determine the existence of jobs that pay and the growth of access to potable water, roofing (as a proxy for housing quality), and electrification to determine equal access to social services. Income was found to be largely not inclusive for all groups during the growth episode, while access to social services was more inclusive, though volatile for certain groups. The high fluctuations in growth in regional areas suggest that the lack of sustainability indicates an absence of a long-term effort for improvement. Therefore, this paper recommends a heightened commitment to strong governance and a push for fiscal liberalization in order to support large scale national and regional infrastructure improvements and the creation of value-adding industries to create productive employment.Item Restricted Impact of overnment spending, debt, and growth on poverty: a cross-country analysis(2014-04) De Guia, Shirra Jazel L.This paper discusses the empirical relationship of poverty and external debt and analyzes how government spending and economic growth links both variables. Data from the World Bank and IFPRI was used to create a panel data of nine countries from South East Asia and South Asia from the year 1983 to 20 l 0. The results of the study prove that debt does have a negative impact on poverty. This negative impact can be explained by the inverse relationship of the debt service ratio and government spending as well as external debt and growth. Proper use and allocation of resources such as investment on human capital will lessen the debt burden and promote inclusive growth which will then lead to poverty reduction.Item Restricted Te effect of typhoons on poverty incidence in the Philippines over the past two decades(2014-12) Opiana, Kathleen Joyce E.; Viray, Maria Camille H.; Alonzo, Ruperto P.Typhoons have occurred in the Philippines which inflict huge losses to families all over the country. These physical damages decrease their income and make their situations worse. On a macro level, it has not been investigated yet whether these typhoons have made an impact on poverty incidence. Thus, this research utilized panel data of 17 regions in the Philippines through the years 1997-2012 with typhoon frequency, intensity- average maximum winds and average amount of rainfall - and cost of damages as indicators of typhoons. To see how these indicators affect poverty incidence individually, a series of regressions was employed together with the determinants of poverty. Results showed that typhoon frequency and their cost of damages have a significantly positive effect on poverty incidence.Item Restricted Effectivity of micro-scale businesses in alleviating poverty in Philippine households within specific income groups(2014-12) Quezon, Frances Camille A.; Sison, Jaulyne Tyndyl S.; Solon, Jose Orville C.This paper examines whether or not micro-scale businesses (MSB) help alleviate poverty amongst all income quintile groups of poor households or is there a select income quintile that is better able to gain more from MSB. This was tested using the 2013 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS) data. In order to address endogeneity problems, namely that of self-selection, our model is estimated in two stages: the first stage estimates a model of determinants of MSB and the second stage estimates the effect of MSB on expenditures. The results of the first stage estimation show that the determinants of MSB are variables attributed to the owner's motivation, owner's education level, sources of capital formation, as well as the different taxes and permits set by the government. By using the predicted values on the second stage, results show that engaging in MSB decreases per capita expenditure. But the interaction term between predicted MSB and income quintiles show that households from the third quintile gain the most when they engage in MSB as compared to that of the highest income quintile. All income quintiles have a positive significant effect to per capita expenditure. As such, the authors establish that MSB is most effective when implemented amongst those of the middle class. Should further studies be done, exhausting all possible determinants of MSB as well as per capita expenditure should be considered; also consider other methods and models to account for self-selection and testing efficiency.Item Restricted The sectoral composition of growth and its effect on poverty alleviation in the Philippines(2014-12) Yap, Gian Louis Y.; Carlos, Fidelina N.Numerous studies have analyzed the impact of aggregate economic growth on poverty alleviation. One key finding is that the composition of growth also has an effect on reducing poverty. Constructing a sub-national panel data composed of the gross regional domestic product, value added to output by the three sectors and poverty incidence of the 16 regions in the country, results of the panel estimation show that both the primary and tertiary sector have been significant in contributing to the Philippines's endeavor to raise real incomes and reduce poverty. The revealed importance of both the agricultural and services sector to the Philippine's goal of further reducing poverty should be taken into account in policy formation. Fostering an environment conducive for growth in both primary and tertiary sectors must be central to an effective strategy for poverty reduction in the Philippines.Item Restricted Correlates of women labor force participation in the Philippines: a multivariate analysis(2013-10) Caslib, Camille Anne N.; Cruz, Lorena Lalen Q.; Ducanes, Geoffery M.This paper studies the relationship between fertility and labor force participation, as well as demographic, socio-economic and cultural factors. Although fertility rate in the country is declining, rapid population growth that exacerbates poverty continues still to be one of the problems faced by the country .. At the same time, the number of women participating in the labor market is increasing. Using data from the National Demographic Health Survey 2008, this study examines the relationship between fertility and female labor force participation using a multivariate Poisson regression. The results confirm a negative relationship between fertility and female labor participation but the magnitude of the effect is relatively small. The study also finds that other factors such as area of residence, educational attainment, and age of the woman, wealth and religion are significantly correlated with fertility.Item Restricted Default risk in microfinance: an analysis of the institutional constraints of microfinance organization in the Philippines(2013-10) Crisostomo, Ma. Charmaine R.; Quines, Mariel Angeli R.; Ducanes, Geoffrey M.; Reside, Renato Jr. E.Microfinance serves to alleviate poverty by making credit available for the lower income members of the society. As microfinance continues to grow and develop in the recent years, more and more commercial banks and traditional microfinance institutions emerge, with goals of poverty alleviation and self-sustainability. In line with this, our study aims to determine the institutional factors that significantly affect the default risks faced by microfinance organizations. Using longitudinal data from several micro finance organizations in the country, we used a fixed effects regression and a random effects regression to determine the impact of institutional structures of microfinance organizations with default risk. This study has identified that the institutional structures that are associated with lower default risks are market-based structures that make microfinance organizations more competitive in the financial system. Further analysis also showed that the certain social goals in microfinance are not associated with increased default risk of micro finance organizations.Item Restricted The distributional effects of government aexpenditure to income inequality: a Philippine case analysis(2012-03) Alvaro, Andrea Bianca; Vitriolo, Diane P.; Desierto, Desiree A.The rationale of government expenditure is for greater social welfare and poverty alleviation via reduction in income inequality. Higher government spending is assumed to yield in a lower inequality. Kuznets Inverted U Curve Theory and existing literature suggest that this does not apply in most developing countries due to time-invariant factors present in the economy. Using regional data from 2000-2009, OLS regressions show that government spending and income inequality in the Philippines are inversely related; however, when controlling for other factors constant over time, government spending per region showed to be insignificant.