10 results
Search Results
Now showing 1 - 10 of 10
Item Restricted Implications of the effect of different types of intimate partner violence on the use of contraceptives by mothers: evidence from the Philippines(2023-07-12) Narvaez, Patricia Eurielle R.; Paderes, Kyla Marie T.; Jandoc, Karl Robert L.With the prevalence of unplanned pregnancies and low contraceptive use in the Philippines, there are few existing studies that study the effect of the different types of intimate partner violence (IPV) on use of specific contraceptive methods. This study explores the effect of IPV dimensions such as physical violence, emotional abuse, sexual violence, and controlling behavior on general use of contraceptives and usage per type in both modern and natural methods. The study uses the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS) that contains information on the 1) presence of IPV in the household, (2) demographic characteristics, (3) mother’s status, characteristics, autonomy, and exposure and perception to abuse, (4) status and characteristics of the partner, and (5) mother’s use of contraceptives. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was used to analyze the effect of IPV on contraceptive use conditional on some observed background characteristics. Our results show that mothers who are susceptible to physical violence increase their use of modern contraceptives [ATE: 0.1200, p ≤ 0.01], specifically ligation [ATE: 0.1008, p ≤ 0.05], but reduce the use of injections [ATE: -0.0236, p ≤ 0.05]. These mothers reduce the use of natural contraceptives, particularly the use of rhythm calendar [ATE: -0.1238, p ≤ 0.01] and rhythm temperature [ATE: -0.0051, p ≤ 0.05]. Maternal exposure to emotional abuse increases the use of withdrawal method [ATE: 0.0804, p ≤ 0.01] as well as condom use [ATE: 0.0364, p ≤ 0.05]. On the other hand, mothers who are vulnerable to sexual violence significantly reduce the use of condom [ATE: -0.0396, p ≤ 0.05] and instead, increases the use of abstinence [ATE: 0.0225, p≤ 0.05]. Lastly, being exposed to controlling behavior, mothers reduce the use of pills [ATE: -0.0503, p ≤ 0.05] and abstinence [ATE: -0.0150, p ≤ 0.10]. We observed that the use of contraceptive methods vary with one’s exposure to a specific type of IPV. Exposure to physical violence affects a mother's decision on using contraceptives wherein they prefer something more effective, lasting, less repetitive, and can completely be hidden to their partners as a way to gain control, protect their bodies, and prevent bringing a child into a violent household. Conversely, exposure to emotional abuse, sexual violence, and controlling behavior shows that these mothers feel powerless and they still lack participation in decision making as the methods used are dependent to their partner’s decision. Thus, this shows that exposure, perception, and experiencing violence, together with lack of knowledge, accessibility, and availability of contraceptives shows a cycle of unresolved problems that negatively impacts the overall well-being of our citizens, especially women. This study suggests close monitoring and increased accessibility to reproductive health services together with improved implementation of the RH Law in addressing these significant issues and gaps in the policies that are detrimental to our country’s vulnerable sectors.Item Restricted When the giants sneeze: a study on the international monetary policy spillovers in the Philippines(2023-07-05) Endaya, Mark Joseph V.; Mantuano, Jordan Jae C.; Pajaron, Marjorie C.In an increasingly interconnected global economy shaped by globalization, smaller economies like the Philippines face heightened vulnerability to the monetary policy decisions of larger economies. This paper aims to investigate the varying magnitude and dynamics of international monetary spillovers on the Philippines’ policy rate and whether there has been a structural change in the transmission process of spillovers in the Philippines before and after the 2008 global financial crisis. Our primary focus is on the United States (US), Japan, and the People's Republic of China (PRC) because of their status as the Philippines' largest trading partners. Using OLS, Vector Autoregression (VAR), and Structural VAR (SVAR), our findings uncover distinct patterns in spillover effects. US policy rate shocks have a significant short-term impact on the Philippine policy rate, while Japanese policy rate fluctuations shape the Philippine policy rate over the long term. However, PRC policy rate shocks do not significantly influence the Philippine policy rate. Nonetheless, we find that only monetary shocks from PRC, through its policy rates, significantly affect Philippine exchange rates. We also identify a structural shift in spillover transmission following the 2008 global financial crisis from the US and Japan. By providing comprehensive insights into the differential effects of international monetary shocks, our research can equip policymakers with valuable information to better understand and manage spillovers, hopefully helping them to formulate more effective monetary policies and promote economic stability in an interconnected global financial landscape.Item Restricted Food insecurity and coping mechanism in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic(2024-01-15) Natividad, Maritess Sophia C.; Pamintuan, Zyrille Jade O.; Pernia, Ernesto M.Food insecurity is a problem faced by countries all over the world. In the Philippines, more than half of the population is categorized as food insecure and the lockdowns which financially and physically constrained households from accessing food has severely affected the levels of food insecurity within the country during the COVID-19 pandemic. The lockdowns have made households exhaust all means possible so that they could obtain food. Different households would have different coping mechanisms in the face of food shortage. Such coping mechanisms can be to modify food consumption or to protect food consumption. Using the probit and multinomial regression models show the pivotal role of job retention, online selling ventures, government assistance, responsible credit use, and promotion of insurance coverage in alleviating food insecurity of households.Item Restricted The “highway effect” on school enrollment: the case of SCTEX and TPLEX(2023-07) Realeza, Collette P.; Santos, Elijah C.; Monsod, Toby Melissa C.In this study, we examine the effect of highway investments, specifically that of the Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway and the Tarlac-Pangasinan-La Union Expressway, on the enrollment rates of the municipalities within the provinces of Bataan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, and Pangasinan. On the one hand, highways expose people to greater employment opportunities in other regions and may lead to an increase in the opportunity costs of education. On the other hand, highways can lower transport costs, directly lowering the costs of studying, which may lead to increased attendance. After employing a modified two-way fixed effects model with multiple time periods and treatment groups, we find that these specific highway investments did not affect the enrollment rates of younger students. unexpectedly, we also find that the enrollment rates of older students were not affected. This may be explained by the trend of enrollment rates of older students post-K-12 implementation.Item Restricted Modelling the oil price–exchange rate nexus: the Philippine case(2023-01-16) Dela Cruz, Frabert Ace E.; Reyes, Eirene Gillian M.; Alburo, Florian A.This paper examines the impact of oil prices on the PHP/USD nominal exchange rate. The literature specifies two channels through which the effects of oil price shocks are transmitted to changes in exchange rates. In the case of the Philippines, one can see that the “terms of trade” channel is the dominant effect. Using daily oil prices and PHP/USD exchange rate data from January 2, 2003 to October 24, 2022, this study employed the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model to determine the effects of oil prices on the exchange rate. The results show that a 10% increase in oil prices is associated with a 0.13% Philippine peso appreciation relative to the US dollar and is statistically significant. This finding is consistent with the “terms of trade” channel, where oil price increases are expected to be associated with exchange rate appreciation for countries with energy-intensive non-tradable sectors.Item Restricted The impact of governance indicators on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in the Philippines(2023-07-21) Llantos, Lawrence Noel A.; Oamil, Ken Edward G.; Pajaron, Marjorie C.This study analyzes the impact of governance indicators on the FDI inflows of the Philippines. Using the top 20 foreign investor countries from 2005 to 2021, we explore whether their investment decisions were affected by governance, which we measure six-ways as provided by the World Bank: (1) control of corruption; (2) government effectiveness; (3) political stability and absence of violence/terrorism; (4) regulatory quality; (5) rule of law; and (6) voice and accountability. Using the ordinary least squares (OLS), the fixed effects, and the random effects regression models, we find that regulatory quality, defined as the government’s ability to implement policies and regulations that promote private sector growth, is the only indicator that had a positive significant impact on FDI inflows, while the rest of the indicators did not have a significant effect on it. From our study’s results, we suggest that the national government consider formulating and implementing policies and regulations that would better protect and develop the private sector to attract more foreign investors. Due to the limitations of our findings, we also recommend further improvements to future studies in the field to explore the effects of governance indicators on Philippine FDI with greater detail.Item Restricted Do 'sinners' shift when the sin is taxed? a policy analysis of the 2012 Philippines sin tax on gambling expenditure across income deciles(2023-07-12) Onsana, Angelica V; Panti, Monica M.; Jandoc, Karl Robert L.The Philippines ratified the Sin Tax Reform Law, or Republic Act 10351, in 2012, which aimed to increase the allocation of generated taxes directed to Department of Health’ (DOH) initiatives while decreasing rates of tobacco and alcohol consumption. In the Philippines, the sin tax is levied on the prices of tobacco goods and alcoholic beverages sold in the market. In other countries, gambling, or any game of chance activities, are also included in the said tax; however, this is not practiced in the Philippines. With this distinction, we hypothesize that an increase in the sin tax declaration of the government would lead Filipinos to consume more of their income intended for vices to indulge instead in gambling. Results show that there is no fixed spending behavior that could embody the populace’s gambling decisions and that it is more dependent on the household’s disposable income. Although alcohol consumption decreased across all deciles, this did not imply that there had been a shift in gambling expenditure for all deciles as well. It is also observed that the majority of the lower- income deciles tend to decrease their consumption of gambling in contrast to higher- income earners. While it is not possible to conclusively determine if allocations for vices immediately translate into increased gambling expenditure across deciles, it is essential to recognize the significance of policy reconsideration in light of the correlation between household income and gambling expenses. This provides an avenue for reframing, in light of recent discussions about reviewing the premises of the sin tax and what ‘sins’ should be included. The more justifiable identified ‘sins’ the government gets to recognize, the more accurate and clearer it will be to give a realistic projection of fund appropriation directed towards public health programs, all the while creating positive externalities from fostering a culture of healthier living.Item Restricted The impact of cryptocurrencies on the top 2 telecom-fintech companies in the Philippines(2023-07-10) Balao, Miguel H.; Jandoc, Karl Robert L.The cryptocurrency market has changed substantially since the introduction of Bitcoin in 2009 and is now starting to enter major local and international financial institutions. What is now driving its rapid development and expansion is increased adoption in consumers and businesses as well as the understanding of cryptocurrencies, especially in the case of the Philippines. Furthermore, it is financial technology firms that are considering and moving into the adoption of cryptocurrency and its exchange within their platforms. This study determines how Bitcoin's performance representing cryptocurrencies may affect Philippine Financial Technology (fintech) companies. Using the Vector Autoregression (VAR) model, results show that a one-time increase in Bitcoin value creates a short-term increase in Globe Stock Price after the GCash announcement during the month of March 2022 that the platform will allow cryptocurrency purchases and exchange. Furthermore, there is no significant relationship between Globe Stock Price and Bitcoin from January 2020 to February 2022, PLDT Stock Price and Bitcoin from January 2020 to March 2022, and PLDT Stock Price and Bitcoin from April 2022 to December 2022.Item Restricted Who can work from home? determinants and wage effects of teleworkaccess in the Philippines(2026-01-06) Palomata, Ivan Georg; Taneo, Tricia Kieth; Sabarillo, Anthony G.This study examines the determinants of telework access and associated wage premiums in the Philippine labor market using 2021 FIES-LFS data merged with occupation-level teleworkability indices. Probit analysis reveals that tertiary education is the dominant predictor of telework access, increasing the probability by 27.7 percentage points compared to elementary education. Using OLS, Heckman selection correction, and propensity score matching, the telework wage premium is estimated at 24-35%, with larger effects for women (30.3%) than men (21.8%) and for lower-wage workers (34.2%) compared to higher-wage workers (14.7%). These findings suggest that while telework offers substantial wage benefits, access remains highly stratified by education, potentially exacerbating labor market inequality.Item Restricted Does women's autonomy matter in the Philippines?: modeling fertility using a generalized poisson regression model(2025-05-29) Doctama, John Vincent D.; Ordinario, Jenny Mae A.; Sabarillo, Anthony G.This study sheds light on how women’s autonomy specifically (i) autonomy from gender norms or gender norms autonomy, (ii) autonomy for decision-making within a household or household decision-making autonomy, and (iii) autonomy in sexual decision-making or sexual autonomy—influence fertility outcomes. Using the 2022 NDHS data and a Generalized Poisson regression model, results suggest that gender role norms autonomy predicts variations in fertility in the Philippines even after controlling for confounders and socio-demographic variables. Household decision- making autonomy is found to be significant when interacted with household economic status and the female respondent’s education. Sexual autonomy is also found to be significant when interacted with religion. These findings underscore how various dimensions of women’s autonomy shape fertility outcomes in a developing-country context.