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Item Restricted The effects of child labor on school attendance in the Philippines(2015-01) Coronel, Andreana Grace A.; Espineda, Ma. Ida G.; Tan, Edita AAs of 2011, there are about 5.492 million children aged 5 to 17 years old who are working in the Philippines. This study determines the effects of various forms of child.., labor on the school attendance of the children. This study used the 2001 Survey on Children cross-sectional data and applied probit regression analysis. The nature of work is taken into account by looking at the place of work (whether inside or outside of the family), the industry under which it belongs (agriculture, services and others), its regularity, and time and hours of work. Child and household characteristics, and child's contribution to household income are also considered. Around 70% of the total number of working children from the data is still attending school. Working in either agriculture or services holds a positive effect on the probability that the child will be attending school, relative to working in other industries such as fishing, mining and construction. On the other hand, working outside the family, engaging in a regular work, working night time shifts, and longer work hours all impose a negative effect on school attendance. The age when the child started working also has a negative relationship with schooling. Furthermore, a larger household size reduces the probability of school attendance, whereas higher income and household head educational attainment helps increase the likelihood of school attendance. It is also worth noting that when a child contributes more of his earnings to the household income, his probability of attending school falls.Item Restricted The impact of disasters on child labor cases in the Philippines(2015-06) Salvacion, Miguel Karlo D.; Viloria, Cyvil Mariel M.; Arcenas, Agustin C.This research aims to analyse the effects of disasters and other household characteristics on the decision making of a household unit to deploy children into the labor force; and to determine the impact of disasters - which is measured by its costs of damages - on working members of a household aged five to seventeen years old. With the use of the Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS 2011), the study uses a binary logistic regression in order to assess if a household, which is affected by a disaster shock, considers child labor to be a short-term mechanism to cope with the unforeseen losses. Assuming that household heads have only two alternatives in determining the activities of children in the family - study or work - results show that the odds of deciding whether to send a child to join the labor force or continue child's schooling are equal. Explanatory variables such as household net income from entrepreneurial activities, family size and ownership of agricultural land showed a significant and directly proportional effect on child labor cases. An increase in these variables results in a greater likelihood of child labor participation. On the other hand, information on disaster shocks may be further developed so as to fully present the expected outcome, that it is indeed a determinant of child employment.Item Restricted The impact of CCT program on child labor: the case of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program in the Philippines(2014-04) Pilarta, Wilbert Alhambra; Pingol, Agbayani II Punzalan; Carlos, Fidelina N.Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs have been the target of research and impact evaluations because of their effects on labor market decisions. This paper focuses on the CCT program in the Philippines and on its impact on child labor. Logistic regression shows that the program has a positive effect on school enrollment but a negative or an insignificant effect on child labor, which implies that the CCT program is an ineffective way of combating child labor. Furthermore, it discourages child labor for younger children (aged 4-9) but not for older children aged (10-17). These findings confirm CCT impact evaluations in Latin America and confonn with Becker's theories on allocation of time and on social interactions.Item Restricted Intra-household substitutes for and complements of child labor: a study on the relationships between child work, parental salaries, adult employment and non-labor household assets(2013-04) Gayosa, Madeth Agojo; Carlos, Fidelina N.This paper analyzes child labor force participation in terms of its relationships with characteristics of parents, other household members, and non-labor household assets. Using data from the 2011 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS), this study employs binary logistic regression to determine the complements and substitutes of child work within the household. Results show that employment of parents and other household members, household size, agricultural land, and rural residence are effectively complementary with child labor force participation. In contrast, parental education, child schooling, urban residence and some social infrastructures substitute for child work. These findings evidence the importance of education, quality employment, and social services in child labor deterrence.Item Restricted The role of income shocks and insurance on child labor participation: case of the Philippines(2013-04) Matibag, Mark Daniel M.; Perez, Vincent Ronald R.; Desierto, Desiree A.This study aims to explore the effects of transitory income shocks, in the form of rainfall shocks, and insurance programs membership on child labor incidence in Philippine households. Using a household-level poverty indicators data set for the year 2008, we estimate for the marginal effects of rainfall shocks and insurance membership on the child labor decisions of the household, controlling for a wide set of household, economic, and location variables. We find out that rainfall shocks strongly influence households to send their children to work. Though not strongly, insurance membership as a coping mechanism of the households tends to decrease child labor decisions. Conclusively, inaccessibility of the households to credit and insurance markets to cope with the income shocks significantly increases child labor participation.Item Restricted Comparing the monetary stipend of conditional cash transfers vis-a-vis earnings from child labour(2011-01) Hermoso, Agnes Joy Chan; Lim, Anna Michelle Iglesias; Solon, Jose Orville C.This paper discusses the monetary trade-offs between the Conditional Cash Transfers (CCT) (CCT) in Philippines, Philippines, dubbed Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), (4Ps), vis-a-vis earnings from This labour. This constitutes an assessment on the policy's effectiveness in reducing detrimental problems in education, health and poverty, with a distinctive focus on the indirect The on child labor. The study considers significant Annual Poverty Indicators Survey 2008 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey Filipino that affect an average Filipino household's income Results representation to the Ordinary Least Squares Method. The simulated using Ordinary Least Squares Method. The Conditional Cash Transfers that the monetary support from Conditional Cash Transfers is significantly larger than the child labor income. A plausible manifestation of this is the improved school participation of children since the pilot of the program. Relevance of this paper can be attributed to better modification for the policy's succeeding implementation and targeting.Item Restricted An essay on child labor in the Philippines(1988-02-22) Albao, Jocelyn Lopez; Tinio, Marie Rose Nanette Angeles; Canlas, DanteItem Restricted Which household have child laborers? household characteristics and incidence of child labor in the Philippines(2005-03-27) Cabezas, Soledad R.; Quiring, Mary Antonette E.; Capuno, JosephThis paper will estimate the incidence of child labor according to the definition of child labor that is unique to the Philippine society. This study will give a more precise estimation on the causes of child labor in the country as it takes into consideration the various characteristics of Filipino families and how, this in turn, contribute to the incidence and prevalence of child labor in the country. It used a regression analysis on the data from the National Survey on Children for the year 2001. Four models were made to describe the four definitions of child labor in the country. Based on the results, it is not sufficient to conclude that income and educational attainment as solely the determinants of child labor in general. Nevertheless, it is pertinent to conclude the primary significance of these two factors as indicators of the likelihood of a child to engage in work, to say the least, in the micro level context, the household.Item Restricted Sex, condoms and child labor: the effects of family pplanning on child labor incidence(2009-01) Pecson, Jules Michael V.; Rara, Fredrick H.; Tecson, GwendolynThis paper will examine if there is a relationship existing between child labour incidence and family planning usage. This study is base from the Philippines's condition on its child labour incidence dilemma. It attempts to show the readers how consumption on contraceptives of family households will contribute to the reduction of child labour incidence. The researchers primarily focused on using regression analysis and then proceeded to factor analysis. The research established a relationship between family planning and child labour incidence but it was not enough to conclude a causal effect.Item Restricted An assessment of the working conditions of child labor in the firecrackers and pyrotechnics industry in Bocaue, Bulacan(1999-03) Castaneda, Cesar A.; Herrin, Alejandro N.Child labor is prevalent in the Philippines. Children are not prevented from engaging in any paid labor because of various reasons. Child labor is a necessary part of the poor household's means for survival. The decision to work is made by majority of the children themselves. The influence of culture, environment and the people around them cannot be discounted in the child's recruitment into work. Children are remunerated with low wages either through piece-rate, commissions or shares. Children also become more vulnerable to risks involving their physical, psychological and mental states. The firecrackers and pyrotechnics industry is one of the fast-growing small-scale businesses in the country. The province of Bulacan becomes the haven to some small-scale entrepreneurs who enter the pyrotechnics-making venture. The demand for child labor in the pyrotechnics industry is growing. Though, there is a seasonal demand for labor in this industry, children's role in the pyrotechnics production is indeed essential. The pyrotechnics industry is an enterprise with demand for cheap and unregulated labor. It needs children who can perform simple manual tasks in the production. The pyrotechnics industry is a hazardous undertaking. It endangers the lives of its workers including children. The child labor incidence in this industry generates a serious social problems. Government laws and policies are clear on the prohibition of children working under deplorable circumstances. There are programs that seek to protect the minors from risks and dangers in the work place. Yet, the working condition of child labor in the pyrotechnics industry is not improving and remains a threat.