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    The cost of what we cause: the impact of governance, democracy, and military expenditures on carbon dioxide and methane emissions
    (2020-12) Gonzales, Hanna Almirah; Liberato, Aleiza Karrina B.; Epetia, Ma. Christina F.
    With the deterioration of the quality of the environment, most policymakers include controlling pollution, caused by the escalating greenhouse gas emissions, in their agenda. However, the success of these policies is determined by the resulting quality of a country’s set of institutions. Therefore, this paper aims to: (1) understand the relationship between the quality of institutions and environmental quality through analyzing whether better institutional quality enhances environmental conditions and (2) recognize the implication of this relationship in the success of environmental policies, specifically the Kyoto Protocol. The estimation of this relationship is conducted through the fixed effects model by using a panel dataset composed of annual data on carbon dioxide and methane emissions, governance, military expenditure, democracy score, and relevant control variables such as GNI, value-added in agriculture, and urban population growth for the period of 1996 until 2016. The results indicate a negative and significant relationship between the quality of government institutions and environmental conditions which implies that higher government effectiveness decreases carbon dioxide and methane emissions. Additionally, the results confirm that democratic and anocratic countries have higher carbon dioxide and methane emissions than those in autocratic countries. Finally, the results signify that an increase in military expenditures produces fewer methane emissions, while an insignificant outcome for its effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, it is vital to re-evaluate the role and effectiveness of institutions and take them into account, particularly when creating and implementing policies, in order to successfully mitigate carbon dioxide and methane emissions
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    Democrat and poverty reduction
    (2008-03) Fabella, Vigile Marie B.; Oyales, Czarina Eva I.; Reside, Renato
    In the past decade, history has witnessed the rapid economic growth of countries whose political systems deviate from conventional democratic philosophy. Countries such as Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea, among others, have become bigwig economies rivalling major players like the United States and the UK. On the other hand, democratic, low-income countries have experienced relatively sluggish growth. In this paper, we explore the influence of democracy and political freedom on economic growth, utilizing poverty reduction as its indicator. We will focus on identifying the requisites of a functioning democracy that will enable it to effectively reduce poverty within the context of developing nations. Utilizing the 2-Staged Least Squares method of estimation, our findings suggest that democracy in general, has a negative influence on poverty reduction for developing countries. However, when complemented with trade openness, primary education, regulatory quality, government effectiveness, and voice and accountability, the outcome becomes positive.
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    Education and democracy: a cross-country analysis of the effects of gross enrollment ratio on political rights
    (2010-01) De Jesus, Ma. Carmela; Octaviano, Leslie Anne
    This study provides empirical support to the intuition presented by Castello-Climent in questioning the suitability of the average years of schooling as a measure of education in examining the correlation between education and democracy. An alternative variable, the gross enrollment ratio, is introduced to provide a more distributive analysis by distinctly identifying the impact of the primary, secondary and tertiary levels. The contribution made by Seymour Martin Lipset (1959) provides the main theoretical premise that the level of development and education directly affects democracy. Existing literature shows how formal education creates political attitudes that are conducive to democratic behavior and increases the likelihood to maintain a democratic system by encouraging rational electoral choices. Lastly, this study draws on the effect of education on political participation, which serves as a crucial determinant of the sustainability of a democratic system.