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Item Restricted A study on the effects of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program on child labor outcomes(2016-12) Galano, Aaron Christopher Anthony P. ; Yu, John Daryl B.; Jandoc, Karl Robert L.Child labor is a serious issue in the Philippines as more than 3 million children are affected – many of which are involved in hazardous work. The Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program (4Ps), a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, grants cash to poor households upon the fulfillment of stipulated conditions – one of which involves sending children to school. Given its structure, the 4Ps seems to be an apt policy in dealing with issue. This study explores the impact of the 4Ps program on child labor incidence and number of working children using propensity score matching. Average treatment effects on the treated (ATTs) are computed for the given outcome variables and are compared. The 2011 results present positive ATTs that are statistically significant, indicating that 4Ps households have higher incidence and number of children working on average. In 2014, this result vanishes, suggesting a reduction in presence of child labor among 4Ps households. This is supported by lower ATT values for beneficiary households in comparison to 2011. However, the ATT values of 2014 prove to be insignificant, signaling the need for more conclusive evidence through other methods. Nonetheless, the study does hint on the potency of the program to combat child labor.Item Restricted School access as a determinant of the incidence of working children(2016) De la Paz, Gian Niccolo Antonio H. ; Liao, Jude Manuel SP III; Magno, Cielo D.This paper discusses the relationship between the incidence of working children in the Philippines and household school access. In the Philippines alone, 5.49 million children are engaged in labor (SOC, 2011). These children and their families are presented with a decision of engaging in labor and/or schooling. Filipino families generally value both education and labor. This study utilizes a probit regression analysis to establish a possible correlation between the incidence of working children and access to schools. Together with this, different independent variables are included as well to test the different factors that may also affect child labor and children engaging in work. The study focuses on household respondents with children ages 5 to 17 years old of the Annual Poverty Incidence Survey 2013 of the Philippines. Variables such as presence of working children, area covered by public schools per province, and household, provincial and geographic characteristics were regressed to identify factors that may affect the incidence of working children in Filipino households.Item Restricted The immodest proposal household choices on education and early labor: implications and policy recommendations to human capital development in the Philippines(2011-10) Guarin, Geraldine Enriquez; Reyes, Kehrl Meeno Alva; Diokno, Benjamin E.As one vital tool for development, Education has always been acknowledged as a good factor of labor Investment in Investment in and Education from Education weighed in vastly in the literature. Highly significant of which is the household preferences and education expenses as investments in human Another of per household member. Another factor is the provincial characteristic where the household belongs contributes to the economic environment This greatly affects the choices of the households. This paper Knight the Sabot once provided by the study of Knight and (human (1990) on how skills and knowledge acquired through education (human capital hypothesis) (credential hypothesis) how higher credentials Working about by educational attainments of household members (credential hypothesis) affect labor productivity. Working on the factors that would make households prosper and The capital develop more, there are also relevant government programs for Education considered. In this paper. The paper leads to further analysis on the tendencies of households to have their children work or be enrolled in school, as there are unwanted cases of children being compelled to work for the family's daily sustenance than to reap the privilege of studying and the potential private and social benefits of education.Item Restricted The impact of cash receipts from abroad on child labor in the Philippines amidst the COVID-19 pandemic(2024-01) Llacer, Fiona Maria Angelina T.; Opolinto, Dhanica Rhain F.; Pajaron, Marjorie C.This paper examines the effect of cash receipts from abroad on the prevalence of child labor in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child labor, defined as encompassing any labor or economic engagement conducted by individuals aged 5 to 17, subjecting them to exploitation or jeopardizing their well-being, encompassing aspects of health, safety, and overall development. The study addresses the problem of the increasing incidence of child labor in the Philippines, exacerbated by the economic challenges brought about by the pandemic (Cho et al. 2021). The research employs a quantitative methodology, utilizing data from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey-Labor Force Survey (FIES-LFS) conducted in the years 2018 and 2021. We used pooled ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed effects (FE), random effects (RE), difference-in-differences (DID), and instrumental variable (IV) to examine the relationship of cash receipts from abroad, income net of cash receipts, household expenditures on basic needs (food, clothing, and housing), education expenditure, and the percentage of male working children on child labor using the pooled cross-sectional data. The main findings of our study reveal an inverse relationship between cash receipts from abroad and child labor, with other control variables in the model, highlighting the role remittances have in reducing the prevalence of child labor in the Philippines. We discovered that COVID-19 pandemic led to confounding changes in remittances, household income, and labor decisions. Additionally, the study identifies a positive correlation between expenditures on needs and child labor, suggesting that increased household expenses at the height of the pandemic forced families to allow their children to work. Furthermore, our research emphasizes the need for policies and interventions that not only address income needs but also safeguard the rights and education of children. The study also suggests the importance of conducting further research, possibly adopting a longitudinal approach, or tackling a wider scope, to better and significantly understand the evolving dynamics between cash receipts from abroad and child labor incidence over time.