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    The effects of woman’s educational attainment and wealth on the probability of experiencing intimate partner violence
    (2018-05-30) Espino, Monique Andrea ; Sanchez, Bea Rose ; Pajaron, Marjorie C. ; Kraft, Aleli D.
    This paper aims to contribute to the existing literature on intimate partner violence (IPV) by analyzing the factors that potentially prevent it in the Philippine context. In particular, we examine the effect of educational attainment and wealth index on the probability of experiencing IPV. Using linear probability, Probit, and Logit, our findings show that a woman’s educational attainment and wealth are negatively related to IPV occurrence for some types and combinations of IPV. In particular, the baseline results indicate that women with college or higher education have relatively lower probability of experiencing IPV compared to those with secondary education. Similarly, women who belong to the richest quintile have relatively lower probability of experiencing IPV compared to those who belong to the poorest quintile. However, these effects diminish and disappear in most of the specific types and combinations of IPV as more variables are controlled for such as the socio-demographics of women, household characteristics, and male partner characteristics. Interestingly, the results show that there are other factors that better explain the occurrence of IPV. The researchers think that the effects of women’s education and wealth are captured by other variables. The results consistently show that participation in decision-making within the household, earning as much as her husband, fewer living children, negative attitude towards wife-beating, and no history of parental violence are protective factors of women against IPV.
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    The impact of educational attainment on early childbearing: an Instrument Variable Probit (IVP) Analysis
    (2019-05) Mauricio, Kim Alisson G. ; Sangalang, Corinne F. ; Esguerra, Emmanuel F.
    This paper aims to investigate the relationship between educational attainment and the likelihood of experiencing an early childbirth. The study intends to aid policy-makers in making decisions regarding the importance of education as a deterrent to the prevalence of early pregnancy among adolescents. Due to the presence of an endogeneity problem that might bias the result we propose an empirical approach based on instrumental variables to deal with this problem. Data for five survey rounds from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS) were employed. 903 female index children aged 21 and below were included in the sample. Our analyses control for possible confounding factors, including individual and family background characteristics, and state economic conditions. Our results suggest that, female children with higher level of educational attainment have a lower likelihood of experiencing an early childbirth. We, therefore, conclude that retaining the female children and adolescents in schools will lessen their probability of getting pregnant at a young age.
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    The effects of income on household energy consumption
    (2018-06-01) Iyog, Jannie Marel M. ; Lacorte, Rowel Lester T. ; Pajaron, Marjorie C.
    The Philippines has one of the highest electricity prices among its neighbors in the Southeast Asian region along with its high poverty rates. Energy has a huge importance to the country, not just for the industrial sector, but also for households. Changes in its price carries a huge impact. This paper discusses the effect of the total income of Filipino households to their energy consumption using the 2015 Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES). In particular, our paper studies the usage of different energy sources such as electricity, LPG, kerosene, fuel wood, charcoal, and other sources by different households with varying demographics and socio- economic status. This paper utilizes ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, multiple probabilistic (MProbit) regression, and multiple logistic (MLogit) regression models. Results show that there is a positive relationship between the level of income of a household and the energy expenditure of that household. This proves the assumption that energy behaves as a normal good. This means, given a certain increase in the income of a consumer, there will be a corresponding increase in the demand of that good, which in this case is energy. Moreover, the size of the household, the number of appliances within the household, and total expenditures of the household are all positively correlated with energy consumption. The findings also show positive relationship between education of the household head and the household’s energy expenditure among all different kinds of energy source. Marital status, wealth, and sex results show that there are difference in effects depending on the energy source.
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    Effects of educational attainment and wage on the job-seeking behavior of the labor force in the Philippines
    (2018-06-06) Balmaceda, Jose Manuel D. ; Uy, Joshua Stanley S. ; Pajaron, Marjorie C.
    This paper focuses on the issue of job search method and job seeking behavior in response to the educational attainment and wage of individuals in the Philippines. Job opportunity has constantly been an issue yet to be resolved in the country as there are still misconceptions about the status of those employed and unemployed, such that the unemployed are among the poorest and have less job opportunity in the nation. The research used three econometric models: (1) the Probit model for dependent variable looked for work or established a business in the past week (LFW) and first time to look for work (FTL); (2) Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) for dependent variable number of weeks looking for work (NOW); and (3) Multiple Logistic Regression for dependent variables job search method, reason for not looking for work and last time to look for work. The results show that educational attainment and wage class of an individual procure a difference in the types of behaviors of individuals when looking for work, their job search method, their reason for not looking for work or the last time they looked for work. The conclusion supports the theory that individuals with less education are less likely to have looked for work within the past week and have looked for work for the first time. Individuals with higher education have sufficient resources to support themselves and look for jobs on their own terms. However, individuals with less education and less wage are motivated by an immediate need to support themselves or their family. The research ultimately calls for a change in the ideals of job search method in the Philippines. The results show that there are integral variables for employment in that it is not only skills, but the motivations of an individual that have an impact in looking for work, especially when looking into educational attainment and wage.
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    Impact of mining and educational attainment: household engagement in mining as a determinant of school outcome
    (2014-12) Ugot, Sarah Jane M.; Ventura, Vida Liorah L.; Arcenas, Agustin L.
    Education remains an important tool not only for individual productivity but also for the development of a country. Like all other things, however, the level of education one attains varies as a result of the presence of other factors such as environment. A great deal of studies have examined school outcomes and its determinants, and these determinants vary depending on the preferences as well as the constraints faced by the household decision maker. In this study, the researchers examined the engagement in mining as one of these determinants to see the relationship between mining and schooling. Considering only households with children 21 years old or older to avoid censoring bias, we used a multinomial logit model with educational attainment measured as the highest grade completed of the eldest child to determine the impact of engagement in mining to the schooling of the children. Results suggest that engagement in mining has positive relationship with categories 2 and 6 of school outcome, which are elementary graduate and vocational course graduate respectively. However, this effect is very small, with 3 percent for category 2 and 0.9 percent for category 6. Further studies need to be made to confirm this results as it may also be due to the researchers' limitations in distinguishing households by the number of people who engage in mining, as well as the limitation in determining those who engage in it as an employee, an employer or those who engage in it at subsistence level.
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    The effects of parets' educational attainment to the marital status of the young aged 15 to 27
    (2013-04) Oreo, Karen Barbara M.; Torre, Puline Treshia J.; Kraft, Aleli D.
    This research paper studies the correlation or the direct impact of the parents' educational attainment to the marital status of young adults aged 15-27. There are two models used, (1) the simple probit model and (2) the Heckman with sample selection model, to test whether higher parents' educational attainment contributes to the likelihood of children being married at a later age or, in other words, being single at young age. The researchers used the mother's educational attainment as the representative of the parent's educational attainment. Studies done by Jejeebhoy, Chudgar, Johnson-Lans and Kamdar showed that the mother's educational attainment positively affects the child's educational attainment. And based on the study by UNICEF, educated people are less likely to enter into marriage early. Thus, indirectly, mother's educational attainment affects the marital status of the child. Due to the large number of respondents who answered that they do not know their mother's educational attainment, the results might be biased if just the simple probit regression is used. To account for this large number, the researchers have resorted to the Heckman model with sample selection. However, the rho suggests that no selection is needed, so the analysis done is based on the simple probit regression. The results from both models show that parent's educational attainment significantly affects the decision of the children whether to marry at a young age or not.
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    Intergenerational consequences of teenage motherhood: a sequential mediation analysis of educational pathways in the Philippines
    (2026-01-05) Rivero, Julia Kirsten; Tato, Andrew Gabriel; Jandoc, Karl Robert L.
    This study examines the long-term intergenerational effects of teenage motherhood in the Philippines by analyzing how teenage motherhood influences their children’s adult fertility and occupational outcomes. Using data from the 2018 Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), the analysis applies inverse odds ratio weighting (IORW) to estimate total, direct, and sequentially mediated effects through maternal and child educational attainment. Results show that children of teenage mothers have more than twice as many children as those of non-teenage mothers, with education-mediated pathways explaining 31.7% of this association. For occupational outcomes, children of teenage mothers are 36% less likely to enter white-collar jobs, and this disadvantage is transmitted almost entirely through maternal and child education. Unlike the fertility results, the occupational outcome models retain a statistically insignificant direct effect, indicating that education is the primary contributor to better occupational skills among children of teen mothers. By identifying a sequential intergenerational pathway operating primarily through educational attainment, the study provides new evidence from a high-adolescent-fertility context and highlights the importance of supporting educational continuity for young mothers and their children to reduce occupational disadvantage and narrow intergenerational inequality.
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    Educational attainment and time-related underemployment: evidence from the labor force survey 2018 and 2023
    (2025-12-16) Cabalu, Gabrielle Elise; Yaco, Madison Paege; Solon, Orville Jose C.
    This paper investigates how educational attainment influences the likelihood that a worker wants more hours of work, and if this relationship changes between 2018 and 2023, owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. A study by Felipe (2018) reflects how the desire for more working hours has long been persistent among the employed Filipinos. Moreover, reports from the International Labor Organization (2020) and the Philippine Development Institute for Development Studies (2022) suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has further intensified this, significantly reducing total working hours and increasing the share of workers working less than the ideal 40 hours weekly. Becker’s (1964) human capital theory and the classic labor supply model of leisure-labor to frame the research question and draw the hypotheses that are used here. The empirical model is estimated using the Philippine Statistics Authority’s (PSA) Labor Force Survey for the years 2018 and 2023 to represent the labor market outcomes before and after COVID-19 pandemic. Logistic regression method was used to examine the probability that a worker wants more hours of work as a function of educational attainment and other control variables including the demographic, occupational, and regional factors. The logit model used to assess whether this relationship changed after the COVID-19 pandemic. Results suggest that, after controlling for other factors, the effect is negative and statistically significant for both high school (-0.1995, p = 0.021) and college and above (-0.4614, p <0.001), but small. This relationship did not significantly change between 2018 and 2023. This implies that, while policies focused solely on raising education level may not yield commensurate reductions in underemployment, educational attainment continues to be a strong and consistent indicator of job quality, regardless of economic shocks.