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    COVID-19 and gender inequality in the labor market: the Philippine experience
    (2022-05) Bautista, Keisha Aeris C.; Retardo, Janell R.; Mendoza, Adrian R.
    This study examines whether COVID-19 exacerbated the existing gender gaps in the Philippine labor market. Using the Labor Force Surveys for October 2019 and October 2020, we perform probit regressions and post-estimation tests to compare the labor market experience of men and women before and during the pandemic. Three key indicators of labor market activities are analyzed: labor force participation, employment, and decision not to work due to household responsibilities. These outcomes are then assessed against a set of household-related characteristics such as marital status, having young children, and being a household head. The results confirm that significant gender gaps persist in terms of the contribution of the household-related determinants in men and women’s probability of labor force participation and employment during the pandemic. For instance, having young children has contrasting effects on men's and women’s labor market activities: positive for men but negative for women. Further the results confirm the gender bias in terms of the decision not to work or look for work due to family duties. Being married and having young children significantly increase women’s probability of performing unpaid household work, while there is no similar evidence for men. On a positive note, our results do not provide evidence that COVID-19 exacerbated the gender gaps in terms of the contribution of household-related variables to labor force participation, employment, and performance of unpaid household work.
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    An analysis of the impact of foreign investment on employment and wage levels across major industry groups in the Philippines
    (2017) Montecastro, Denise S. ; Teh, Cherbeth Mae A. ; Mendoza, Maria Nimfa F.
    This paper used industry-level data over the 2010 to 2014 period to examine the impact of approved foreign investment flows on the nineteen major industry groups in the country. Positive effects are obtained in the employment level for the years covered and showed that there is a significant lagged effect on employment level from running a system and dynamic generalized methods of moments (GMM) regressions. Our findings also suggest that other labor economic measures, such as average daily pay and work hours, exert a substantial impact on the industries’ employment levels. Furthermore, the study showed that while there is a substantial impact of foreign investment flows on the employment, this alone could not account for the overall increasing trend across the years.
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    The impact of uncertainty on employment, investment and output in the Philippines
    (2018-12) Cruz, Thea Mariz L. ; Perez, Chelsey Jan R. ; Reside, Renato Jr. E.
    The Real Options Theory of Investment is one of the theories in business and investment that offers explanations as to how uncertainty can influence an investor’s decision on whether or not and when an investment would be made. Nicholas Bloom (2009) finds that uncertainty might also be affecting macroeconomic variables, particularly on employment, investment and output. This study aims to identify moments in Philippine history that can be considered periods of uncertainty. It also determines whether or not there is evidence of the real options theory in Philippines. The study makes use of the Vector Autoregression Model (VAR) to determine the impacts of uncertainty shocks on employment, investment, and output among other macroeconomic variables. It was found that uncertainty does affect multiple macroeconomic variables including the employment, investment, and output in the Philippines and that Philippine firms exercise the real option to delay.
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    What women want: a study on conjugal power structures and the achievements of fertility preferences in the Philippines
    (2012-01) Cruz, Carisa Angela G.; Lao, Perry Evan C.; Capuno, Joseph J.
    Conjugal power relations constitute much of the decision-making process of husbands and wives. Studies have shown that the balance of power between married couples depends on several factors, including how much income each of the individuals contribute to the total income of the household. This paper focuses on how reproductive decisions are made: who really gets the last say - the husband or the wife? Our research highlights the importance of the woman's educational attainment and employment because the two give her a chance to increase her bargaining power when making household decisions. Various relationships between the other independent variables (e.g. age, religion and location of residence) were shown to be insignificant after performing multinomial logit regressions.