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Item Restricted Exploring the effects of income on the environmental impact of household food consumption in the Philippines(2023-07-04) Abel, Mitch Johnson A.; Mejilla, Hannah R.Food consumption emerges as one of the most environmentally impactful activities among households. This study examines the impact of income and location on the environmental consequences of household food consumption in the Philippines. We hypothesize that as income increases, households shift their preferences towards food groups with higher environmental impact. Also, we expect significant differences in food consumption patterns between rural and urban households, with urban areas having a greater environmental impact. Using household-level data from the merged 2018 Family Income and Expenditure Survey and Labor Force Survey (FIES-LFS), we conducted OLS regression on household income and food-related CO2 emissions (HFE) using carbon intensities provided by Serino & Klasen (2015). Our results confirm a positive relationship between household income and food emissions, indicating that as income rises, households tend to engage in less sustainable dietary choices. Based on these findings, we provide policy recommendations to promote sustainable food consumption, including adopting greener production processes, implementing tax policies on certain discretionary food products, and providing subsidies for healthy food alternatives. By implementing measures to encourage both sustainable and healthy food choices, addressing knowledge gaps, and encouraging more sustainable processes in food production, we can mitigate the environmental impact of household food consumption and work towards a more sustainable future.Item Restricted The impact of suspending fuel taxes on welfare(2023-01-10) Regala, Christine Venice E.; Remigio, Raphael Gavin G.; Solon, Orville Jose C.Fuel is a vital commodity that is used in almost all transportation services around the world. Thus, increases in its price produce inflationary effects on the economy. A big part of this price is the 12% VAT tax and, depending on the type of fuel type, excise taxes, which have been increased further by the TRAIN law. This paper utilized the Extended Linear Expenditure System to compute the demand elasticities of fuel. Simultaneous equations were employed to instantaneously regress the expenses on different goods with respect to each other. The study found that a suspension in fuel taxes, which would lower the overall price of fuel and increase the disposable income of households, would reduce the quantity demanded for fuel products as households reallocate their income to other commodities, which would increase their utilities more. We observed that an increase in fuel prices would lower households' income so much that they would forgo buying other goods in favor of more fuel. Moreover, families were found opting to buy other substitutes than fuel if it is available. Both of these effects are more felt by poorer households because of their greater relative magnitude compared to other income groups, which implies that a suspension of reduction tax would be helpful to them the most. The paper suggests that policymakers opt for discriminatory taxing schemes to balance extending help to the poor while still generating revenue from the rich.Item Restricted The effects of household head characteristics, household location and total income on the total number of members in a Filipino household(2017-06) Ame, Maria Anna Regina I. ; Soriano, Hilary Holly C. ; Mendoza, Maria Nimfa F.Overpopulation is a problem that still persists in Metro Manila until now, even after countless studies done on the subject, and numerous policies geared towards solving the phenomenon. With this in mind, we, the researchers, strived to find out the determinants of the household size for the modern Filipino family. We believe it is the crucial first step towards finding out what specific areas should be targeted by policymakers to improve the situation at hand. Using a multivariate estimation method and data from the 2012 Family Income and Expenditure Survey and supported by different studies, the results of the regression showed that different characteristics of the household head, specifically gender, age, marital status, employment, and educational attainment, as well as the employment of the spouse, the location and income of the household all proved to be significant determinants of household size. The researchers conclude that the best way to tackle overpopulation, a predicament seen in many developing countries, is to focus on education.Item Restricted Geneartion X versus generation Y household heads: an analysis of household and expenditure differences(2018-12) Del Mundo, Daphne Anne A.; Sumait, Rojean Janis A. ; Reside, Renato Jr. E.Objectives. This paper aims to analyze the differences between households headed by people born in Generation X and Generation Y. It intends to determine the household head characteristics in each cohort and examine how these affect the household expenditures and characteristics. Methods. Using data from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES), households are grouped based on the generational cohort of the household. Households headed by people born in Generation X are drawn and pooled from the 1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994 FIES data. On the other hand, households with Generation Y-born heads are drawn and pooled from the 2006, 2009, 2012, and 2015 FIES data. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression are used to determine the factors that affect certain expenditures and characteristics of households. Results. Results show that total expenditure of a household head is highest for both generations when educational attainment is high and in an urban settlement; for Gen X when single (no difference for sex); and for Gen Y when widowed and female. Total savings of a household head is highest for both generations when single, educational attainment is low and in a rural settlement; and for Gen Y when male (no difference for sex for Gen X). Total medical expenditure of a household head is highest for both generations when educational attainment is high (no difference for urbanity and sex); for Gen X when married; and for Gen Y when divorced. The probability of living in an apartment rather than a single house is highest for both generations when educational attainment is high, in a rural settlement, and there are more household members; for Gen X when single or separated, female, and young. The probability of owning a car is highest for both generations when educational attainment is high and household head is older; for Gen X when male, and income is high; for Gen Y when head is single, in an urban settlement, and there are more household members. The probability of owning a television is highest for both generations when household head is married, has high educational attainment, is female, older, in an urban settlement and have high income. Contribution. Macroeconomic points of views are easy to point out and explain as to why expenditure patterns or trends then to move in the way that it is moving., e.g., economic downturns, health outbreaks, political turmoils, etc. So, this study is aimed to explain expenditure pattern in a microeconomics point of view, i.e., household heads are the ones that are analyzed. In extension, the households were agglomerated to their respective generations: X and Y, and are compared with each other to show interesting differences between these generations.Item Restricted Female househol headship in the Philippines: prevalence, heterogeneity, and implications on investment in child education(2014-04) Daez, Emmelyn Michelle V.; Yabis, Diana Grace M.; Clarete, Ramon L.Looking beyond the dichotomous view of male versus female household headship that exist in much of the economics literature, the paper aims to determine whether heterogeneity among female-headed households, distinguishing between de jure and de facto female heads, impact their investment in child education differently. Using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, the paper examines whether education expenditures are homogeneous across: (1) male and female-headed households; (2) de jure and de facto female heads; and (3) all income deciles. The regression results confirm recent literature's findings that female-headed households generally invest more on child education than male-headed households. However, when investigated if the same holds true for typologies of female-headed households - de jure and de facto - and across all income deciles, only those belonging to the de facto type and higher income deciles invest more on child education than their male-headed counterparts. Furthermore, the higher the income decile these female-headed households belong to, the greater is their investment in child education.Item Restricted Determinants of saving behavior of filipino household(2000-10) Idang, Ramon Jose S.; Yap, Cheddie L.Item Restricted Determinants of short-run electricity consumption in the Philippines(2018-01) Racadio, Lorenzo Romeo C. ; Salarda, John Renz G. ; Ravago, Majah-Leah V.Electricity is an essential need to power appliance needs of households. We want to determine how households consume electricity with the aim of determining what factors affect electricity consumption using the Household Energy Consumption Surveys of 2011 and 2004. Our regression is a log-level model regressing monthly electricity consumption against household characteristics, particularly income, energy conservation efficiency, temperature, appliance quantity and electricity price. Our findings suggest intuitive. However, increases in unidentified appliances and worse conservation efficiency lead to decreases in consumption. Most households that own unidentified appliances or have poorer conservation ratings tend to have lower incomes, hence the decrease in consumption. As a result, we conduct another set of regressions that consider relationships between income and appliance quantity, conservation rating and income, and temperature and electricity price. In the results, we see that income and appliance quantity are linked with increases in consumption, holding conservation rating and income constant respectively. The interaction of electricity price and temperature is associated with the trend that electricity consumption increases with increases in electricity price or temperature given the other variable. Meanwhile, counter intuitive increases in consumption associated with household conservation grade improvements lead us to conclude that there are deeper endogenous relationships present between conservation rating and other factors. Some policy options then to increase consumption pertain to incentives for urbanization and live births, and also conducting trade with countries that provide low cost appliances.Item Restricted Household headship and poverty in the Philippines: a gendered perspective(2025-06-04) Deveza, Jarian Erjah C.; Sullera, Patrick D.; Balaoing-Pelkmans, Edylinda Anette O.This study examines the relationship between household headship and poverty in the Philippines, utilizing pooled cross-sectional data from the 2006–2021 Family Income and Expenditure Survey-Labor Force Survey (FIES-LFS). Employing econometric analysis with ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions and region-year fixed effects, the research reveals that female-headed households (FHHs) consistently experience higher poverty rates than male-headed households (MHHs), even after controlling for education, employment, place of residence, marital status, and family size. Contrary to expectations, higher educational attainment among FHHs is associated with increased poverty rates, suggesting issues like underemployment and credential mismatch in the labor market. Additionally, significant regional disparities are identified, particularly in ARMM, Bicol, and Eastern Visayas. Grounded in the Feminization of Poverty theory, the Gender and Development framework, and Human Capital Theory, the study underscores the need for gender-sensitive social protection programs, labor market reforms, and region-specific poverty alleviation strategies to foster inclusive development in the Philippines.