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Item Restricted Who will be on board the TRAIN to Inclusive Growth? an economic analysis on the impact of tax reform in the Philippines(2018-12) Carabio, Sheridan Lance A. ; Gonzales, Grace Mabel M.Z. ; Solon, Orville Jose C. ; Quimbo, Stella Luz A.This paper investigates the impact of the provisions of the new tax system brought by TRAIN Law Package 1 on household consumption across income deciles in the Philippines. Using the demand function and Log-Log Regression, we estimate the income and price elasticities of demand for rice, meat, fish, vegetables, and fruit commodities across all income deciles. These elasticities were further used to simulate changes in the dependent variable – the quantity of each commodity due to price and income. The simulation results show that on average, all commodities across income deciles show a negative percentage change in quantities consumed taking into account effects both due to income and indirect taxation. The first income decile shows the lowest coefficient relative to the highest income decile with -23.56 percent for rice, -22.49 percent for meat, -15.07 percent for vegetables, and -12 percent for fruits. For the fish section, the largest forecasted decrease in quantity consumed per household, relative to the tenth decile, is reflected in the fourth decile at 18.98 percent. However, the first decile still exhibits a significantly large reduction in quantity at 11.15 percent. This implies that all income deciles are expected to lose from the new tax system, with the lower income deciles to lose more, and the lowest income decile to lose the most.Item Restricted The effects of education on access to financial institutions(2019-05) Castillo, Jad Algin Salamat ; Monzon, Rodrigo Tolentino ; Capuno, Joseph J.Education is one of the primary goals of the Philippines, under the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022, along with an inclusive monetary and financial system by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Part of creating an inclusive financial system is through financial literacy. It is important for people to be knowledgeable about financial products and services for various reasons that can improve their welfare. Our research aims to study the effects of education to access to financial institutions of households in the Philippines using probabilistic regression and multinomial probit models of the 2017 Financial Inclusion Survey by the BSP. We used marginal effects of educational attainment to measure its partial effects relative to other socioeconomic and demographic factors. To further establish the relationship, we did specification tests by measuring financial institutions based on its formal and informal types, and by using different income variables of households. As a result, increases to educational attainment positively affects access to financial institutions; however, with low levels of education only to informal institutions. The findings also suggested that other household factors have positive effect on access to financial institutions such as income, age, urban areas, and employment and negative effect for regional area.Item Restricted Analyzing the effect of household income on female labor force participation in the context of educational attainment, marital status, and urbanization(2023-06-27) Custodio, Bryan A.; Mozo, Anjelalie B.; Solon, Orville Jose C.The study investigates the relationship between Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP) and household income (HI) and examines how this relationship varies with educational attainment, marital status, and urbanization. The main hypothesis is that while a negative relationship exists between HI and FLFP, the magnitude, direction, and/or other dimensions of this relationship are affected by a woman's marital status, educational attainment, and urbanization. To test this hypothesis, the study estimates five distinct binomial probit models to test the inclusion of variables of interest and their interaction terms with total household income in relation to FLFP, using the most recent 2018 merged data from the Labor Force Survey (LFS) and Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES). It is found that without the inclusion of education, marital status, and urbanization, the probability of women joining the labor force increases with household income but at a decreasing rate. Meanwhile, when education is taken into account, the impact of household income on female labor force participation (FLFP) is entirely negative. However, in this model, higher-income households tend to experience a greater positive effect from education in terms of FLFP. Urbanization and marital status were not found to have any strong effect on the direction of the relationship of household income to FLFP. However, urban and marital status did have effects on the slope, with the effect being stronger for married individuals than those not married. Ultimately, this study provides insights into the factors that negatively affect and positively contribute to the labor force participation of women in the Philippines, allowing policymakers to design targeted interventions that address barriers and strengthenItem Restricted The relationship of household income and children's outcpmes: an analysis using longitudinal data from the Philippines(2014-04) Tong, Maurice Alexis Z.This paper examines the effects of children's household income during the younger years on outcomes such as educational attainment, test scores, BMI-for-age, and future income. Using the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS), this paper uses different models such as Poisson, OLS, and fixed-effects models to estimate income effects to analyze how income plays a role in development. This study fmds that income has statistically significant effects on most the children's outcomes measured, which corresponds with the related literature. Educational attainment, test scores, and future income all show positive relationships to the household income of the child. BMI-for-age showed statistically insignificant results, but the study found that household income has a positive relationship with a child being overweight.