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Item Restricted A study on the effects of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program on child labor outcomes(2016-12) Galano, Aaron Christopher Anthony P. ; Yu, John Daryl B.; Jandoc, Karl Robert L.Child labor is a serious issue in the Philippines as more than 3 million children are affected – many of which are involved in hazardous work. The Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program (4Ps), a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, grants cash to poor households upon the fulfillment of stipulated conditions – one of which involves sending children to school. Given its structure, the 4Ps seems to be an apt policy in dealing with issue. This study explores the impact of the 4Ps program on child labor incidence and number of working children using propensity score matching. Average treatment effects on the treated (ATTs) are computed for the given outcome variables and are compared. The 2011 results present positive ATTs that are statistically significant, indicating that 4Ps households have higher incidence and number of children working on average. In 2014, this result vanishes, suggesting a reduction in presence of child labor among 4Ps households. This is supported by lower ATT values for beneficiary households in comparison to 2011. However, the ATT values of 2014 prove to be insignificant, signaling the need for more conclusive evidence through other methods. Nonetheless, the study does hint on the potency of the program to combat child labor.Item Restricted Evaluating the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) as a safety net against student dropout and child labor in the occurrence of shocks(2016-12-20) Abong, Jeryl ; Corridor, Julie-Ann Kris R.This paper aims to evaluate the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) – the country’s flagship anti-poverty measure and one of the more important components of our social protection portfolio – and its efficacy as an effetive safety net that can protect households from doing unproductive coping mechanisms, with emphasis on child labor and student dropout, against the adverse effects of transitory shocks. Utilizing a unique, nationally-representative social protection survey data, we used propensity score matching (PSM) to estimate average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) as a measure of the program’s impact. We found significantly higher chances of child labor, and insignificant yet varying possible circumstances of student dropout among 4Ps beneficiary households in order to mitigate the negative consequences of shocks, despite the conditions on educational outcomes set by the program. Overall, based on our empirical estimates, we conclude that the 4Ps is not an effective coping mechanism against the the adverse effects of shocks on child welfare.