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Item Restricted Breaking the cycle: the effects of different parenting styles on the inter generational transmission of intimate partner violence(2023-07) Santiago, David A.; Verbo, Allen John V.; Jandoc, Karl Robert L.Background: Most studies on the inter generational transmission of violence do not examine the role of parenting styles as mechanisms. Objective: This study explores the effects of parenting styles and other possible determinants of the inter generational transmission of violence. Participants and setting: This study uses data from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutritional Survey (CLHNS). The study uses a final sample of n = 440 index children in Cebu, Philippines. Methods: We use information pertaining to: (1) partnership characteristics, (2) individual and inter generational characteristics, (3) parenting styles, and (4) maternal and household characteristics. We employ logistic and multinomial logistic regression to examine the risk factors for physical violence, verbal violence, and controlling behavior in current partnerships during the past 12 months. Results: Having an authoritative father is associated with a decreased likelihood of verbal violence in the current partnerships. Respondents who considered their mother responsible for their upbringing (RRR = 0.17), respondents who considered their father responsible for their upbringing (RRR = 0.13), and respondents who considered both parents responsible for their upbringing (RRR = 0.15) are independently associated with a decreased risk of perpetrating verbally violent acts. Furthermore, having an authoritative father (RRR = 0.37) and having a permissive father (RRR = 0.56) are independently associated with a reduced risk of reciprocating verbally violent acts. Conclusions: Our study shows that having an authoritative father decreases the likelihood of verbal violence in partnerships. Moreover, having an authoritative or permissive father reduces the likelihood of reciprocating verbal violence. In addition, the importance of the parent’s presence in their child’s upbringing decreases the likelihood of perpetrating verbal violence. These results suggest different interventions to prevent intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization effectively.Item Restricted How does intimate partner violence affect child development?(2022-01) Julio, Arjay D.; Reopta, Karizza Gem M.Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a socioeconomic, public health, and human development problem that causes negative effects on the well-being of victims. This study explores the effect of multiple dimensions of IPV, specifically physical violence, controlling behavior, and emotional abuse, on children's physical and cognitive development using data from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutritional Survey. We find evidence that IPV on mothers has adverse consequences on children's human capital. Our results suggest that the impact on child development is specific to the form of IPV. Maternal exposure to physical violence negatively affects children's physical characteristics, evidenced by a significant reduction in their body mass indices. On the other hand, mother's vulnerability to controlling behavior impairs children's cognitive abilities, significantly decreasing their test scores in mathematics, english, and nonverbal reasoning. These findings are robust to propensity score, nearest-neighbor, radius, and kernel matching methods. Meanwhile, we do not find a significant link between emotional abuse and height, body mass index, and test scores.Item Restricted Justifying violence: an analysis of Filipino women’s attitudes toward wife beating over time(2022-01-28) Lopez, Angela Marie R.; Rodriguez, Jose Antonio Miguel C.; Jandoc, Karl Robert L.This paper traces and analyzes the trends and patterns of the attitudes of Filipino women towards wife beating, one of the most common forms of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), from 2003 to 2017 in order to evaluate the impact of the Anti-Violence Against Women and Children (AVAWC) Act of 2004. It also evaluates the effect of different sociodemographic characteristics to the likelihood that a woman will possess attitudes that justify this form of violence. Using data from the National Demographic Health Surveys, we find that the proportion of women who agree that wife beating is justifiable due to different reasons decreased by about 60% over the 15-year period. A sizable portion of which happened between 2003-2008 which indicates a significant catalyst occurring between these years, in the form of the AVAWC Act among others. It was also uncovered that a woman’s urban residence, wealth, degree of exposure to mass media, and religious affiliation were all significant and negative predictors of their likelihood to justify wife beating. Meanwhile, education and employment were not robust in their effects in the model of analysis.Item Restricted The effects of woman’s educational attainment and wealth on the probability of experiencing intimate partner violence(2018-05-30) Espino, Monique Andrea ; Sanchez, Bea Rose ; Pajaron, Marjorie C. ; Kraft, Aleli D.This paper aims to contribute to the existing literature on intimate partner violence (IPV) by analyzing the factors that potentially prevent it in the Philippine context. In particular, we examine the effect of educational attainment and wealth index on the probability of experiencing IPV. Using linear probability, Probit, and Logit, our findings show that a woman’s educational attainment and wealth are negatively related to IPV occurrence for some types and combinations of IPV. In particular, the baseline results indicate that women with college or higher education have relatively lower probability of experiencing IPV compared to those with secondary education. Similarly, women who belong to the richest quintile have relatively lower probability of experiencing IPV compared to those who belong to the poorest quintile. However, these effects diminish and disappear in most of the specific types and combinations of IPV as more variables are controlled for such as the socio-demographics of women, household characteristics, and male partner characteristics. Interestingly, the results show that there are other factors that better explain the occurrence of IPV. The researchers think that the effects of women’s education and wealth are captured by other variables. The results consistently show that participation in decision-making within the household, earning as much as her husband, fewer living children, negative attitude towards wife-beating, and no history of parental violence are protective factors of women against IPV.Item Restricted The determinants of intimate partner violence in the Philippines (bleeding love)(2015-06) Gascon, Janine Camelle T.; Tacbaya, Ace C.; Arcenas, Agustin L.Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) or simply domestic violence is not only a health but an economic concern as well. IPV does not only undermine the productivity of those who experience domestic violence but also the economy as a whole. Domestic violence can be classified into three types: a) emotional, b) physical, and c) sexual Determinants were also classified into four categories: Individual, family, socio-structural and socio-cultural level. This study shows that on the individual level, educational difference of the spouses, husband's frequency of being drunk, women·s employment, income difference, and inter-generational violence increase incidence of partner-related violence, while spouses' age difference and women's age first cohabitation seem to he protective of women against domestic violence. On the family level, duration of cohabitation seems to protect wives from physical and sexual violence, while the effect of children on the incidence of domestic violence diverges-it decreases the likelihood of sexual violence but it could also increase risk of emotional and physical violence. In the social-structural and socio-cultural levels of analysis, certain levels of tolerance to violence makes the occurrence specific forms of violence more likely while unemployment and a wealth index of five seem to reduce the risk of IPV.Item Restricted The effect of intimate partner violence(2015-05) Garrido, John Rafael A.; Huang, Bridget C.This paper seeks to determine how intimate partner violence (IPV) affects Filipino women's labor force participation and earning power to aid policy-makers in the improvement of (1) the 2004 Anti-Violence Against Women and their children Act (Anti-VA WC); and (2) female labor force participation, which contributes to national economic growth. Our tests on cross-sectional data from the 2008 Women's Survey Module reveal that IPV pushes a Filipino woman to participate in the labor force, albeit earning less than a woman who has not experienced IPV. These findings are consistent and robust across different econometric specifications - probit estimation, a two-stage treatment-effects model, and a Heckman selection model. In particular, a woman who experienced IPV in the past year is more likely to join the labor force by 6.9 percentage points than a woman who did not experience IPV in the same time period. A two-step Heckman selection model, which accounts for censored wage observations for nonparticipants in the labor force, shows that she also receives 8.1 percent less wage than her counterpart. Possible endogeneity in our models is addressed using a two-stage treatment-effects model and an instrument indicating whether a woman witnessed IPV as a child. Additional tests employing different measures of IPV pertaining to the typology, timing, and severity of violence return consistent results across all models. We recommend future study using more recent JPV data, which will allow policy-makers to track IPV trends in the Philippines since the passing of the 2004 Anti-VA WC Act.Item Restricted The relationship between untimate partner violence and unintended pregnancies in the Philippines(2011-04) Astudillo, Ma. Carmela Angeli P.; Delantar, Cheyence Ann T.; Solon, Jose Orville C.Unintended pregnancy is prevalent in the Philippines and results in harmful consequences for both mother and child. Previous studies in other countries have linked intimate partner violence (IPV) to unintended pregnancies. This study used the responses of pregnant women in the 2008 Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey. The researchers included variables for IPV and various socioeconomic and demographic characteristics in weighted logit regressions to determine the relationship between IPV and pregnancy unintended. Only forced sexual intercourse was found to have a significant association with pregnancy unintended. However, this relationship became insignificant when contraceptive use prior to the pregnancy was considered. Sexual abuse may still be considered as a possible risk factor for pregnancy unintended. The effect of contraceptive use on the relationship between sexual abuse and pregnancy unintended should encourage increasing the access of women to effective methods.Item Restricted The impact of intimate partner violence on Filipino women’s decision to avail family(2024-01) Pascual, Kingsley B.; Raymundo, Kyrsten Faye T.; Pajaron, Marjorie C.This study explores how the family planning choices of Filipino women are influenced by Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). Our analysis of the data from the 2022 National Demographic and Health Survey shows that IPV is prevalent among Filipino women, with approximately one in five experiencing some form of it. Notably, women having experienced IPV are more likely to access contraceptive methods, especially in cases of physical and sexual violence. These findings highlight the intricate dynamics affecting family planning decisions and have significant implications for public health policies and programs. Targeted interventions are necessary to support women affected by IPV in accessing family planning resources and inclusive support systems. This study intends to advance knowledge about the interconnection of IPV and family planning choices made by Filipino women, and hence more informed choice.