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Item Restricted COVID-19 and gender inequality in the labor market: the Philippine experience(2022-05) Bautista, Keisha Aeris C.; Retardo, Janell R.; Mendoza, Adrian R.This study examines whether COVID-19 exacerbated the existing gender gaps in the Philippine labor market. Using the Labor Force Surveys for October 2019 and October 2020, we perform probit regressions and post-estimation tests to compare the labor market experience of men and women before and during the pandemic. Three key indicators of labor market activities are analyzed: labor force participation, employment, and decision not to work due to household responsibilities. These outcomes are then assessed against a set of household-related characteristics such as marital status, having young children, and being a household head. The results confirm that significant gender gaps persist in terms of the contribution of the household-related determinants in men and women’s probability of labor force participation and employment during the pandemic. For instance, having young children has contrasting effects on men's and women’s labor market activities: positive for men but negative for women. Further the results confirm the gender bias in terms of the decision not to work or look for work due to family duties. Being married and having young children significantly increase women’s probability of performing unpaid household work, while there is no similar evidence for men. On a positive note, our results do not provide evidence that COVID-19 exacerbated the gender gaps in terms of the contribution of household-related variables to labor force participation, employment, and performance of unpaid household work.Item Restricted Employment decisions of household heads with non-schooling children with special health care needs(2016-05) Go, Anna Veronika P. ; Toledo, Ma. Beatrice Ramona S. ; Magno, Cielo D.Children and adolescents with disabilities comprise the greater number of persons with disabilities (PWDs) here in our country. With the continuous growth in the number of PWD cases each year, the need to address these problems should be of utmost priority. With this, much attention, care, and time should be given, especially by those who are closest to them. Therefore, it is equally essential to note that although disability affects the individual, attention should be given to its effects on the people around them, particularly their parents. The objective of this paper is to determine the likelihood that the household head would enter the labor force with the presence of a non-schooling child with special healthcare needs in the household. The data used in the study was from the 2013 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey. A logistic model was used to analyze the relationship between the likelihood of a household head to work and various household head and household characteristics. The results of the study indicate that the presence of non-schooling children with special healthcare needs in the household increases the likelihood of the household head to join the labor force. Other factors that affect the household head’s likelihood to work include the greater number of household members currently not attending school and when the household is below poverty threshold, presence of non-schooling children, the household head’s sex being male, the presence of a child working, if the spouse or partner of the male household head is working, the household head’s age, if the household head is at least a high school graduate, if the household head’s location of residence is in an urban area, and if the household has other sources of income.Item Restricted The effect of intimate partner violence(2015-05) Garrido, John Rafael A.; Huang, Bridget C.This paper seeks to determine how intimate partner violence (IPV) affects Filipino women's labor force participation and earning power to aid policy-makers in the improvement of (1) the 2004 Anti-Violence Against Women and their children Act (Anti-VA WC); and (2) female labor force participation, which contributes to national economic growth. Our tests on cross-sectional data from the 2008 Women's Survey Module reveal that IPV pushes a Filipino woman to participate in the labor force, albeit earning less than a woman who has not experienced IPV. These findings are consistent and robust across different econometric specifications - probit estimation, a two-stage treatment-effects model, and a Heckman selection model. In particular, a woman who experienced IPV in the past year is more likely to join the labor force by 6.9 percentage points than a woman who did not experience IPV in the same time period. A two-step Heckman selection model, which accounts for censored wage observations for nonparticipants in the labor force, shows that she also receives 8.1 percent less wage than her counterpart. Possible endogeneity in our models is addressed using a two-stage treatment-effects model and an instrument indicating whether a woman witnessed IPV as a child. Additional tests employing different measures of IPV pertaining to the typology, timing, and severity of violence return consistent results across all models. We recommend future study using more recent JPV data, which will allow policy-makers to track IPV trends in the Philippines since the passing of the 2004 Anti-VA WC Act.