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    Vaxx to the max: does an increase in government health spending lead to an increase in vaccination coverage?
    (2019-05-14) Serrano, Ian Jerald J. ; Tai, Jiwan S. ; Capuno, Joseph J.
    One health objective, vaccination coverage, has saved millions of lives since the discovery of the first vaccine. To determine how governments influence this specific objective, the elasticity of vaccination rates of select Asian developing countries with respect to government health expenditures per capita was studied. To control for endogeneity in government health spending, the democracy levels and the control of corruption scores of the countries were used as instrumental variables. Select Asian developing countries were used in the study for comparability and in order to analyze in particular health and government systems in transition, which can show clearer variations and improvements in healthcare. To estimate the effects of the explanatory variable on the vaccination rates, we utilized variations of panel data fixed effects regression analysis with instrumental variables. The results show that vaccination rates are inelastic with respect to government health expenditures. Furthermore, additional results showed that the presence of diminishing marginal returns resulted to the inelasticity. However, the two variables still had a small positive relationship. Thus, increasing government health expenditures often leads to increases in vaccination rates. Moreover, additional spending will be even more effective with better governance as characterized by targeted and efficient spending and by campaigns in response to vaccine hesitancy. These findings show that greater prioritization in health policies through increased health spending leads to the fulfillment of health objectives, but because of the inelastic relationship, other crucial factors must also be considered.
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    On the effects of intellectual property rights on foreign direct investments in developing economies: a system GMM approach
    (2016-12) Ramos, Vincent Jerald R. ; Daway-Ducanes, Sarah Lynne S.
    This paper aims to examine the effects of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) quantity and protection quality on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows in a panel of 79 low- and middle-income countries with average per capita real GNIs of not more than $12,475 over the period 2000-2014, also accounting for the existence of nonlinearities. Using the semiparametric Blundell and Bond’s [1998] and Windmeijer’s [2005] two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM) to obtain more asymptotically efficient estimates, address dynamic endogeneity issues, and factor in the inclusion of nonstationary macroeconomic variables, this paper finds that for at least half of the countries in the sample, an improvement in IPR protection quality has a positive marginal effect on FDI inflows. Meanwhile, per capita IPR has a negative marginal impact on FDI inflows in more than 95% of the countries in the sample. The nonlinearity in the per capita IPR-FDI nexus is such that increases in IPR applications would not necessarily translate into higher FDI inflows until a minimum scale of IPR applications is reached.
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    A cross-country analysis on internet usage and its relationship with life expectancy
    (2024-01) Gutierrez, Jose Raphael S.; Matociños, Boris Andrei D.; Pajaron, Marjorie C.
    This study aims to add to the existing knowledge on the relationship between life expectancy and internet use. Existing literature has supported the idea that internet usage as well as positive changes in socioeconomic factors have an overall positive impact on life expectancy. This is brought about by increased accessibility to healthcare services, advancements in technology, and availability of health information online. However, they failed to account appropriate methods to ensure reliable results. To further investigate this relationship, we used a panel data analysis on 190 countries and tested these countries on a panel. Data used were sourced from the World Bank’s WDI from year 2000 to 2021. A level-level model and a log-log model were both discussed in this analysis using fixed effects. These analyses were conducted with the help of Multiple Imputation techniques in order to address gaps in the dataset. The results suggest that broadband continues to play a significant role in the increase in life expectancy of countries. It’s also interesting to note that increasing the number of mobile subscriptions can greatly impact life expectancy to a great degree, and in many instances greater than broadband subscriptions. This is especially true in lower-income countries, where an investment in mobile infrastructure can help greatly increase the number of mobile subscribers, therefore increasing life expectancy through the pathways mentioned in this paper. We recommend that future researchers look at more detailed datasets to enhance accuracy and reliability and to look at other variables that can supplement our findings. Our study informs iv policymakers and individuals of internet-related solutions that can alleviate health disparities among their nation and environment.