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Item Restricted Family expenditure patterns in the Philippines(1973-01) Barlis, Mindanilla B.; Mangahas, MaharItem Restricted Determinants of household spending on education in the Philippines(2008-10-23) Del Mundo, Ana Marice B.; Delos Reyes, Joy Maria B.; Solon, OrvilleEducation financing in the Philippines seems to have a downward movement: national budget share for education is shrinking because of the budgetary fiscal contraction, while the total family expenditure for education is decreasing due to soaring price levels of basic commodities. In response to these recent developments, this paper analyzes the factors affecting the household decision on how much to spend on education and to ascertain which regions are at the margin and are in need of government subsidies for education using FIES 2003 and supplemental macro-level data. Although the decline in public and private spending is the case in point, the enduring question is not so much of how much money there is to spend but how it should be spent. As is evident in the existing literature, the disparity in government spending on education has been dramatic across regions. From here, we find the binding need to address the problem of inequitable allocation of government funds for education in the Philippines. The estimation results are generally in accord with expectations. We found incremental increases in the total family expenditure escalating the levels of household education expenditure by 5.6%, which is indicative of how wealth characteristics of the household press influence on its spending on education. Moreover, the economic status of the household is found to matter when it concerns the poorest 30%. Contrary to previous studies, we found that the poor significantly spend more on education. We also found a dominant scale effect of the number of household dependents working on the household's spending on education. Education expenditures are found to be modest when the household draws income primarily from wages but significantly higher when the household is agricultural or when the spouse of the head of household is employed. Moreover, we find no isolated regional effects that are significant on the household's expenditure on education. Regional disparities are found to be dramatic when regional effects are combined with that of total family expenditure. In particular, households in Central Luzon, CARAGA and MIMAROPA spend unreasonably more than NCR does, where the largest share of education expenditure in the national funds for education is concentrated.Item Restricted Examining the contribution of household attributes and locality on household welfare inequality: a regression-based decomposition approach(2009-11) Ambrocio, Deah S.; Balajadia, Regina Bianca L.This study focuses on examining the sources of per capita expenditure inequality in the Philippines using the Family IncomeĀ· and Expenditure Survey data for 2000 and 2006. To be able to see the share of inequality caused by differences in endowments between regions and within regions from the national-level measure, decomposition of the inequality index Theil T was undertaken. For a more in-depth analysis on the sources of inequality and to be able to see the relationship of locality and various household characteristics to household welfare measured by the log of per capita expenditure, regression runs were performed. Regression-based decomposition techniques were also done to see further how much of the total inequality is due to variations in geographical location and household characteristics. The inequality in the living standards faced by Filipinos appears to be caused by within-group components contrary to the widespread view that it is caused by differences in endowments between regions. Hence, the results imply that poverty reduction policies should create conditions that will lessen welfare disparities within regions. Household head characteristics specifically, educational attainment has emerged to be the highest contributor in the variance explained by the model. Likewise, the head's employment sector turned out to be a significant source of variation. Agriculture remained to be the poorest sector. Household composition factors also played an important source accounting to almost a quarter of explained variation. Location is found to account for a substantial share of variance but still not as high as the share appropriated by household attributes.Item Restricted Factors associated with international migration decision(2009-04-03) Bautista, Vera Marie H.; Umali, Kristine Camille Y.; Pernia, Ernesto M.This paper aims to identify the factors that influence the decision to migrate. Logistic regression is applied to the data gathered from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey and the Labor Force Survey carried out n 2000 and 2003. Results of the analysis are mostly consistent with the existing literature on both international and internal migration. Such factors as age and income have positive effect on the decision to migrate. Moreover, level of educational attainment provides a strong positive influence on the decision to migrate while household size tends to constrain migration. Occupation is also a significant factor suggesting that less-skilled workers have the propensity to migrate more than the professional workers. Migration among males should be dominant in 2000 while female migration seems to dominate in 2003. This study highlights certain key characteristics of migrants. Therefore, policies that aim to address migration should take such into consideration.Item Restricted The effect of number and age of children on household expenditure(2005-03) Fellizar, Henrika Cheryl R.; Robles, Ma. Theresa Anna C.With the Philippines' rapid population growth and high fertility, the need to address population issues is urgent. Perceptions of the value and cost of children are known to influence fertility behavior. The effect of children on household expenditure has been used to illustrate the direct economic costs of children. This paper examines the impact of the number and age of children in the family on the consumption behavior of a household. Using data from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) of 2000, it looks at how an additional child contributes to a family's expenditures by estimating a consumption function for different expenditure categories commonly regarded as basic necessities. Expenditure categories under study are food, utilities, clothing, education, medical care, housing, transportation and communication, and personal care and effects. Regression results show that, with the exception of utilities, additional children have a significant effect on household expenditure. Only food and personal care and effects expenditures were found to increase with additional children; clothing, education, medical care, housing, transportation, and communication expenditures generally decrease with an increase in the number of children. The findings of this study therefore suggest a reduction in the welfare of the members of a household and provide an argument for parents to prefer a smaller number of children and to choose quality over quantity. Through implementation of family planning, "beyond family planning", and human capital development programs built around motivating parents to desire a smaller family size, a good population policy can effectively guide parents in their child bearing decisions.Item Restricted Should we rely on cash versus in-kind transfers to raise basic expenditures of poor families?(2008-10) Manipon, Trishia Anne J.; Cervantes, Karen Ann D.This paper aims to determine whether or not poor households spend cash transfers on basic expenditures. Using the 2003 Family Income Expenditure Survey and the definition of basic expenditure set by the National Statistics Coordination Board, a multiple regression model is used to analyze the effect of cash transfers among different income levels on the proportion of total expenditure allocated to basic expenditure. The results suggest that cash transfers received by different income levels have a positive effect on the proportion of basic expenditure over total expenditure. However, the same results suggest that transfers in kind received by households from poor households have a positive and even greater effect on basic expenditure them that arising from cash transfers.