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Item Restricted The impact of gender equality in the workplace on firm productivity(2019-12-11) Pascual, Alanis Anne B. ; Samson, Maria Mikayla D. ; Daway-Ducanes, Sarah Lynne S.Gender inequality has been a pressing issue worldwide, with a growing literature on its effects on various sectors. This study adds to the literature by exploring the relationship between firm productivity and gender diversity in the workplace, particularly in terms of ownership, top managerial positions, and overall employment in the firm. By conducting Multivariate Linear Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Pooled OLS, and Panel regressions on the World Bank’s 2009 and 2015 Enterprise Surveys for the Philippines, the different gender diversity measures are linked to the various measures of firm productivity. The findings show the importance of the actual influence of women, not merely their presence, in realizing the positive effects of gender diversity on firm productivity. Having a female top manager has no robustly positive, significant effect on productivity per se, but may have a positive significant effect when interacted with the percentage of female workers in the workplace. The estimates associated with the firm’s overall workforce are heavily dependent on factors, such as firm size and skill-type of employees. These results highlight the importance of macroeconomic policies and legislation that encourage firms to create a conducive and welcoming environment, not only for the sake of firm growth and productivity, but ultimately, for economic development as well.Item Restricted Understanding intimate partner violence and poverty: an analysis of the role of unequal educational attainment between partners in Philippine households(2011-04) Hautea, Samantha Menancio; Solon, Jose Orville C.Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a serious public health problem which iimits future productivity, has adverse effects on children in the family, and prevents the achievement of While equality. While IPV is known to be prevalent among partners with lower educational attainment, what is not well understood is whether inequality in educational attainment between partners has significant effect IPV. Logistic the incidence of IPV. Logistic regression analysis was conducted National Demographic data Health Survey 2008 National Demographic Philippines, Health Survey (NDHS) in the Philippines, and controlling This other known factors associated with IPV. This study found that relative educational attainment Having partners significantly predicted some forms of IPV. Having equal, higher educational attainment between partners significantly reduced the incidence of physical violence by 35-84%, while having unequal The attainment significantly increased the incidence of emotional violence While 62-75%. The effect of educational attainment on sexual violence was ambiguous. While overall insignificant with ever experiencing any form of sexual violence, relative education levels was associated with specific types of sexual violence, with Educational incidence of sexual violence when level of education of the male partner is higher. Educational reforms at the primary and secondary levels may reduce the incidence of physical IPV.Item Restricted Gender equality in numbers: the effects of gender composition on the performance of Philippine industries(2020-12-22) Aurelio, Juan Alberto B.; Syhongpan, Hazel D.; Epetia, Ma. Christina F.Much attention has been given to gender diversity following the concerns on women empowerment. With the surge of more support for gender equality in society, more laws and programs are brought up to balance the gender demographics. Progressive workforce have started to implement gender quotas in recent years to promote this idea, and more opportunities are being given to women, allowing for a more competitive labor market between genders. This results in more demo-graphical data on gender, and the effect of gender equality in the economical aspect can now be tested with statistics. This paper aims to contribute to the existing literature on the impact of gender composition to performance and expand it to the context of the Philippines and at industry-level measures. Using labor productivity and net profits as indicators of industry performance and categorical dummies for male- and female- dominating industries as the measure for gender composition, this study seeks to identify the relationship between the two. The random effects regression model is used on panel data containing 17 out of 21 sections of Philippine industries following the 2009 PSIC classification over the span of five years. The results show that there exists a negative relationship between gender-dominating industries and the industry performance indicators, implying that relatively gender-equal industries perform better and are therefore more profitable and productive. Further studies on gender- equal industries are recommended upon the availability of industry-level data in the Philippines.Item Restricted Globalization and the narrowing of the gender gap in labor markets(2021-06) Estrada, Miguel Antonio G.; Daway-Ducanes, Sarah Lynne S.Despite a general reduction in global gender inequality over the years, women continue to face discrimination in labor markets. Women’s labor force participation in 2019 was only at 47.3%—substantially lower by 27 percentage points compared to men. Among factors that open economic opportunities to women, globalization has been among the most widely examined. The classic argument is that increased economic flows create work opportunities, especially for low-skilled individuals who are mostly females. However, this idea tends to reduce globalization to just one area and misses out other important facets. Using the multi-faceted KOF globalization index and the economic, social, and political sub-indices, as well as de facto measures of openness, we examine the effect of globalization on gender equality, as measured by the (a) female-to-male labor force participation ratio (F-M LFPR) and (b) F-M ratio of wage and salaried workers-to-working age population, wherein an increase in either ratio signals a narrowing of the gender gap. Employing two-step system GMM on a panel of 160 countries for the period 1997-2015, we find evidence that certain aspects of globalization result in a narrowing of the gender gap. In particular, we find that trade openness has a robustly positive effect on the F-M LFPR ratio; while the KOF social globalization has a positive impact on the F-M ratio of wage and salaried workers-to-working age population. We also find that institutions play a more significant role in reducing the gender gap for wage and salaried workers than for workers in general. The results suggest differences in the nature of informal and formal sector work, in that the former tends to be less likely found among wage and salaried work, where rules on equal treatment and non-discrimination tend to be more binding.