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Subject: Globalization ×

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Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
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    The sunshine industry: Philippine contract centers as a trade phenomenon
    (2003-04) Aguinaldo, Ma. Estrellita Sarmiento
    This paper explains the Philippines' participation in the global outsourcing trade for contact center services using the Heckscher-Ohlin framework. In tests of factor-endowment, the country consistently emerged as strongly labor-abundant. Its cheap labor costs produced a competitive export price for the service, driving the country into the trade. Although factor-price equalization was not found forthcoming, tendency towards it produced the higher-than- average returns for Philippine labor employed in the trade. The country stands to gain significantly from the contact center trade, as it opens up several opportunities. Its comparative advantage by labor endowment, however, may be vulnerable to shifting comparative advantages and unpredictably changing market conditions. Development of key competencies, strengthened linkages, and dynamic government focus are recommended.
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    Globalization and the narrowing of the gender gap in labor markets
    (2021-06) Estrada, Miguel Antonio G.; Daway-Ducanes, Sarah Lynne S.
    Despite a general reduction in global gender inequality over the years, women continue to face discrimination in labor markets. Women’s labor force participation in 2019 was only at 47.3%—substantially lower by 27 percentage points compared to men. Among factors that open economic opportunities to women, globalization has been among the most widely examined. The classic argument is that increased economic flows create work opportunities, especially for low-skilled individuals who are mostly females. However, this idea tends to reduce globalization to just one area and misses out other important facets. Using the multi-faceted KOF globalization index and the economic, social, and political sub-indices, as well as de facto measures of openness, we examine the effect of globalization on gender equality, as measured by the (a) female-to-male labor force participation ratio (F-M LFPR) and (b) F-M ratio of wage and salaried workers-to-working age population, wherein an increase in either ratio signals a narrowing of the gender gap. Employing two-step system GMM on a panel of 160 countries for the period 1997-2015, we find evidence that certain aspects of globalization result in a narrowing of the gender gap. In particular, we find that trade openness has a robustly positive effect on the F-M LFPR ratio; while the KOF social globalization has a positive impact on the F-M ratio of wage and salaried workers-to-working age population. We also find that institutions play a more significant role in reducing the gender gap for wage and salaried workers than for workers in general. The results suggest differences in the nature of informal and formal sector work, in that the former tends to be less likely found among wage and salaried work, where rules on equal treatment and non-discrimination tend to be more binding.
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    Highly globalized + well-governed = equitable income distribution? an analysis of the impact of globalization and governance on national income inequality
    (2006-03) Ocampo, Jamir Niño P.; Alburo, Florian
    This paper intends to show relationships among globalization, governance and their interaction with income inequality. To test the significance of the relationships of specific globalization dimensions (trade and capital flow) and governance practices (democratic governance, corruption control and regulatory quality) with income inequality, the study uses pooled time-series and cross section analysis on 39 countries from 1995 to 2000. In particular this paper aims: (1) to derive the exclusive effect of globalization to income inequality, (2) to determine the exclusive effect of governance to income inequality and (3) to find out the effect of globalization-governance interaction to within country inequality. Results show that globalization, governance and their interaction affects income distribution significantly and differently per dimension and type of country. For globalization dimensions, trade reduces income inequality while capital flow appears to worsen income distribution only for the developing countries. Meanwhile, democratic governance and anti-corruption practices reduces income inequality while an improvement in regulatory quality increases it. For all countries, the study shows that an interaction between democratic governance and all globalization dimensions creates an additional reducing effect to income inequality. Furthermore, the effect of globalization, governance and its interaction to income distribution tends to be stronger and larger for the developing than the developed nations.
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    The economic history of globalization
    (1997-10) Arnaiz, Carmen Rosario D.; Tanabe, Alejandro C. III
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    Nation states and world cities: a preliminary empirical investigation into the role of nation states in a globalizing world
    (2006-01) Ramizo, Dorothea M.
    The specific form assumed by economic globalization over the last decade has given rise to world cities and has created a particular organizational requirement that led to the formation of the world city network. This study identifies the world city network as the spatial and organizational embodiment of contemporary globalization. In this paper, the authors attempt to empirically identify the factors affecting a city's connectivity to the world city network, which indicates the extent of a city's involvement in globalization, and whether the economic and political environment of the nation state still has anything to do with it. A double-log model relating city global connectivity to a number of potential factors affecting a city's connectivity to the world city network is estimated by ordinary least squares (OLS). The highly statistically significant variables include financial market sophistication, quality of public schools, country credit rating and city population size. Collectively, these four variables explain 80% of the dispersion in city global connectivity. The 16 double-log bi-variate regression models relating city global connectivity to specific components of the ICT index show that each component ranging from ICT usage and government policies is positively and statistically significant to city global connectivity. All regression results generated in this study imply that the decision of transnational advanced producer service firms (the prime agents of globalization) to locate in a city is most responsive to the quality of government institutions, laws and rules governing competition rather than sheer accumulation ancillary technological infrastructures.
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    Factor price equalization theorem: the Philippine experience
    (2009-03) Bayalan, Alfierri E.; Licsi, Mark Joseph
    This paper seeks to investigate whether the factor price equalization (FPE) theorem applies to the experience of the Philippines and its leading trading partners and to rank them as to whether they are high-wage or low-wage countries following the two-tiered analysis introduced by Mokhtari and Rassekh ( 1989). The result of this study fails to show support to the FPE theorem and to its prediction that the Philippines, being a low-income country, will benefit from more trade openness as evidenced by an increase in real manufacturing wage.