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    Effectivity of micro-scale businesses in alleviating poverty in Philippine households within specific income groups
    (2014-12) Quezon, Frances Camille A.; Sison, Jaulyne Tyndyl S.; Solon, Jose Orville C.
    This paper examines whether or not micro-scale businesses (MSB) help alleviate poverty amongst all income quintile groups of poor households or is there a select income quintile that is better able to gain more from MSB. This was tested using the 2013 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS) data. In order to address endogeneity problems, namely that of self-selection, our model is estimated in two stages: the first stage estimates a model of determinants of MSB and the second stage estimates the effect of MSB on expenditures. The results of the first stage estimation show that the determinants of MSB are variables attributed to the owner's motivation, owner's education level, sources of capital formation, as well as the different taxes and permits set by the government. By using the predicted values on the second stage, results show that engaging in MSB decreases per capita expenditure. But the interaction term between predicted MSB and income quintiles show that households from the third quintile gain the most when they engage in MSB as compared to that of the highest income quintile. All income quintiles have a positive significant effect to per capita expenditure. As such, the authors establish that MSB is most effective when implemented amongst those of the middle class. Should further studies be done, exhausting all possible determinants of MSB as well as per capita expenditure should be considered; also consider other methods and models to account for self-selection and testing efficiency.
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    Household awareness of the responsible parenthood movement classes: an analysis of the awareness targeting mechanisms of the rsponsible parenthood movement class program
    (2012-01) Garcia, Randall S.; Hilado, Emilio Ray Christian D.; Solon, Orville Jose C.
    High levels of population has long been one of the major problems of the Philippines; as part of the efforts to address this problem the government has implemented the Responsible Parenthood Movement Class (RPM) Program. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the awareness targeting mechanisms of the said program. In order to obtain the desired results for this study, logistic regression was use. From the results of the regression, the study concludes that the efforts to make the intended groups aware of this program still leave much to be desired. The results show that the means by which awareness of the program is being spread has not been as effective in reaching those that would benefit the most from the program, namely the poor and uneducated.
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    A study on poverty and female headship in Philippine household
    (1999-10) Arceño, Amy Irene G.; Castillo, Cesaria Dane D.; Balisacan, Arsenio M.
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    Household schooling decisions
    (2003-10) Gueco, Jennyn C.; Suarez, Lynn Karen L.
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    The cost of survival: evidence of household expenditures reallocation in the Philippines
    (2026-05-01) De Leon, Ma. Michaela Beatrice; Sagana, Krisha Isabel; Chan, Justin Rainer S.
    "The study examines Filipino household behavior regarding the adjustment of welfare expenditures in light of the overlapping price shocks from 2018 to 2023 in the Philippines. The pooled repeated cross-sections derived from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) dataset have been used to classify welfare expenditures into five functional clusters and employ Engel curve log-log models with interactions between year and decile and income and decile. The findings illustrate that Immediate Consumption represents an unaltered protected necessity with an increasing emphasis on its priority in poorer households due to price shocks' growing strength. On the contrary, Human Development and Protective Welfare demonstrate pronounced contractions in poor deciles in the pandemic years while higher-income households increase their investments in these two dimensions. Partial recovery had been achieved by 2023; however, it was only partial and largely income related. The Protective Welfare dimension is characterized by high income elasticity reflecting income inequality related to households; ability to cope with risks. Moreover, Human Development has been shown to be income-related, although being limited for poorer households. The Asset Formation and discretionary spending dimensions exhibit similar characteristics. Overall, the findings suggest a systematic process of welfare adaptation in which families cut back on Lifestyle expenditures first, followed by Protective Welfare and Human Development expenditures to maintain Immediate Consumption. Asset Formation becomes largely inaccessible to lower-income groups and is preserved by higher-income households. In this sense, inflation restructures not only spending levels but welfare allocation itself, amplifying inequality in households’ capacity to sustain protection, invest in development, and build long-term resilience, with welfare functions remaining strongly interconnected as shock effects reverberate across all dimensions."