9 results
Search Results
Now showing 1 - 9 of 9
Item Restricted Effects of decreasing the income tax rate and increasing the value added tax rate on household consumption behavior(2014-12) Antonio, Shiela Louise M.; Eleazar, Jasmin B.; Alonzo, Ruperto P.The Philippines has the third highest individual income tax rate in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region. There are proposals being passed in Congress to reduce or lower the current income tax rates. This paper will consider an existing proposal on increasing the Value Added Tax (VAT) rate as well as decreasing the Income Tax rate. The purpose of the paper is to measure how the consumers will behave when these proposals are implemented. Using the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) data for 2009, the paper ran regressions (Iterated Seemingly Unrelated Regression or SUR) to capture the parameter estimates needed to compute for both the income and price elasticity of demand for different commodity groups. The total expenditure basket of the households is divided into goods that are subjected to VAT and goods that are exempted from VAT. The own-price and cross-price elasticity of demand are computed for both goods subjected to and goods exempted from VAT. In measuring the effect of a VAT increase from 12 percent to 15 percent, a 2.7 percent increase in the price of goods is imposed. The goods that are exempted from VAT are more price elastic as compared to the goods that are subjected to VAT. Also, the simultaneous effect of both price and income changes of the households is presented. On the other hand, the income elasticity of demand captures whether the goods are luxury, necessity and inferior. The paper captures the effect on household consumption of the VAT rate increases and the income tax rate decreases.Item Restricted The impact of typhoons on household consumption and saving patterns in the Philippines(2014-12) Manginsay, Ralph; San Luis, Maria Lourdes; Ducanes, Geoffrey M.; Daway-Ducanes, Sarah Lynne S.Using ordinary least-squares regression analysis, this study estimates the impact of typhoons on the consumption and savings patterns of households in the Philippines utilizing the Family Income Expenditure Survey from Philippine Statistical Authority (formerly National Statistics Office) and typhoon data from the unpublished records of PAGASA and NDRRMC. It has been found that (1) aggregate household expenditure declines as typhoons intensify, (2) households adjust different expenditure components differently as a response to typhoons and (3) effect of typhoon occurrence and intensity on household savings is ambiguous.Item Restricted Engel law: on the estimation of commodity and food consumption ratios for total, urban, and rural Philippines(2003-10) Fortes, Resa Elnor J.; Mercado, Kristine S.; Tecson, Gwendolyn R.The paper aimed to analyze the commodity and food-groups expenditure ratios of Filipino households, with special emphasis· on the difference between urban and rural dimension, and on shifts in expenditure ratios over time. This is rooted on the postulate of the Engel Law. Using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression, the paper determined the relationship between income (total expenditure) and the expenditure ratios of several commodity items and food groups and as well as their luxury and necessity characteristics. The regression estimates revealed that there are variations between the expenditure ratios of urban and rural households. There are commodities that are expected to be luxury goods that turned out to be necessities such as alcoholic beverages and tobacco. The contrary is revealed for education and medical care. Therefore, policies that would aim to reduce variations in the two areas should consider making goods more accessible. to rural areas where insufficiency of most commodities is evident.Item Restricted Almost ideal demand system in the Philippines(2009-04) Buan, Mari-Kris Y.; Danganan, Kathleen Anne R.; Tan, EditaInformation about household consumption patterns is a key input in the formulation of economic policies. This thesis uses two models of the Almost Ideal Demand System to come up with demand estimates for seven commodity groups in the Philippines for the year 2006. Results are relatively comparable to Baliscan's 1992 study and yield plausible elasticity estimates. Findings show a significant variation in demand for the food groups between households with employed heads and those whose heads are unemployed.Item Restricted Remittances and natural disasters: the response of remittances to natural disasters and the role of remittances on consumption(2010-10) Gochoco, Jose Bernardo B. III; Lazatin, Janine Elora M.; Kraft, AleliThe prevailing trend in migration and remittances around the world, especially in the Philippines and the frequency of natural disasters affecting the Philippines are the two motivations for this study. This study aims to answer two related questions. First, it asks how remittances respond to natural disasters. The second question focuses on the effects of remittance inflows, as being affected by disasters, on the consumption behavior of households. It asks how remittances affect household consumption and expenditure. The first question determines whether remittances are cyclical or counter cyclical to income shocks. Estimations of pooled cross-section Philippine regional data show that remittances in the regional level are counter cyclical, while estimations to answer the second question show that per capita expenditures on food, health, and education move in the same direction as remittances. The study emphasizes the importance of remittances to recipient households in coping with income shocks and it is recommended that policy promote remittance flows especially during times when the onset of natural disasters pose severe damages in order to help affected households provide for their expenditures on food, health, and education.Item Restricted Effects of family size on household consumption patterns: a Philippine case study(2010-10) Gamos, Josephine Maravilla; Suguitan, Carlo Emmanuel Desierto; Tecson, GwendolynIn light of the ballooning population growth of our country, the researchers decided to conduct a study regarding the implications of family size on the household consumption patterns. Using data from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey: the researchers analyzed which of the consumption items are directly and significantly affected by an increase in the number of members in the household. Aside from family size, other factors such as the educational attainment and the age of the household head were also considered. To make the study even more accurate, separate regressions were done for every region in the Philippines. The researchers' findings aim not only to aid various institutions of society in determining the effect of the household size on the kind of lifestyle a family leads but also to help educate Filipinos in order for them to do their part in resolving the alarming population problem in the country.Item Restricted The effects of the WTO agreement on household food security in the Philippines(2005-04) Rosacia, Diane Christie A.; Villaflor, Emerald Joy R.This paper examines the effects of the WTO Agreement on food security in the Philippines, as measured by per capita expenditures on food. Specifically, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis was used to assess whether the trade reform policies under the said agreement have improved rather than hurt food security at the household level. The results of the analysis reveal that per capita expenditures on food increased since the implementation of the WTO Agreement, thus implying that the trade reform policies enhanced food security of Filipino households. The study also demonstrates that the factor that most significantly influences per capita expenditures on food is the price of grain products. The study concludes that complementary policy measures should be implemented in order to attain the full benefits of the WTO Agreement.Item Restricted Philippine household energy consumption expenditure(2009-03-02) Huiso, May E.; Rivera, Patricia Anne L.This study analyzes household energy consumption expenditure using location, income, socio-economic, demographic, and prices as determinants in the Philippine context. Various regions of the country cope with different geographic properties which affect household energy consumption mixes and expenditure. These differences include weather patterns, nature of employment, energy source availability and prices that influences preferences in household capital and energy sources. Aside from the separate region representing the cities and other urban areas, location is also identified as agricultural or non agricultural area. Using the family income-and-expenditure survey (FIES) 2003 and the household energy consumption survey (HECS) 2004, authors extracted prices, household characteristics, and socio-economic variables to test their significance to household energy expenditures.Item Restricted Family matters : the relationship of gender employment and other demographics to household consumption patterns(2021-07) Evangelista, Mary Elynne M.; Sy, Matt Jemuel L.; Alburo, Florian A.Throughout the years, the Philippines has struggled to lower its unemployment rate. Until 2019, the country saw a downward trend in unemployment, on the way to achieving its 3-5% unemployment rate goal in the Philippine Development Plan for 2017-2022. However, the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 caused a global economic crisis, reversing the trend into new heights. The labor fore~ participation rate in 2020 fell to its lowest in 15 years. Even more alarming is the staggering labor force participation gap between men and women, which hardly (changed throughout the years. Inevitably, unemployment of household members affects the income of the household, which in turn affects consumption of different goods. This paper analyzes the impact of unemployment of household members, particularly of the husband and wife, on household expenditure on different types and categories of goods. Moreover, it assesses the impact of demographic factors on household consumption patterns using a subsample of of different goods. labor force participants obtained from the 2015 merged Family Income and Expenditure Survey, and Labor Force Survey. (FIES-LFS) Using both a Tobit model and the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation method, we found that depending on the expenditure category, unemployment of the husband or the wife can either increase or decrease household consumption. Only the unemployment of the wife was found to have a significant negative effect on household food consumption, while only the unemployment of the husband has a significant negative effect on transport and communication expenditure. Demographic variables such as age, educational attainment, household size, and location were also found to have varying effects on consumption of different goods.