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Subject: Household expenditures ×

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Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
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    Evaluating the income elasticity of demand for healthcare by Philippine households
    (2003-10) Del Rosario, Rachel B.; Jimenez, April Marie S.; Alonzo, Ruperto
    This paper tackles the long-studied topic of the income elasticity of the demand for health. Health is very important for households and individuals with regard to maximizing the income-earning potential of the two. The study made use of the Annual Poverty Indicator Survey released in 1999 to analyze the relationship of healthcare expenditures to that of the total expenditures made by the household. It was found that certain household characteristics affect the expenditure on health. Gender, age and level of education attained by the household head as well as the status of his occupation or job were found to be significant when looking at the relationship of health and income. The study also found out that the demand for health care is responsive with regards to changes in income. It may be considered as almost perfectly income elastic, and this observation applies for both urban and rural households. Sanitation indicators, on the other hand, did not show concrete results. This study will be particularly helpful for those groups such as policymakers who may wish to address the situation of healthcare in the Philippines.
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    An analysis of factors affecting food consumed outside home expenditures of Filipino households
    (2008-10) De Asis, Diane Kate Gomez; Solon, Orville
    Family Income and Expenditure Surveys (FIES) from 1988-2003 have shown that Filipino families' spending on food consumed outside the home is increasing. Using data from the 2003 FIES, this study examines the factors affecting expenditures for food consumption away from home of Filipino households. In particular, the study focuses on economic and demographic characteristics that affect outside the home food expenditure. Due to significant numbers of zero reported expenditure, Heckman's two-step model was used to estimate food away from home expenditure equation. Household size, total income, and urban region of residence are found to be highly significant factors affecting the decision to spend and how much to spend on food consumed outside home. Furthermore, higher level of education of household head decreases the spending on food consumed outside the home possibly implying of an increased in health concerns of ~he household head. Increasing food prices, energy prices, and urbanization are also shown to decrease the household's spending on food away from home. These results could have a negative impact for the Philippine food service industry.
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    Choice and usage of modern contraception: an expenditure analysis of Philippine households
    (2008-10-10) Alquiroz, Niña Feren P.; Sayoc, Melissa Romina T.
    Because households are faced with limited resources, the choice to use and the amount of expenditure allotted towards modern contraception is affected by other spending priorities-food, clothing, education, medicine, and more-it must balance for its well-being. Using data from the 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey, this study examines these trade-offs families must confront and the household characteristics that influence them as they decide whether or not to engage in modern family planning and the consistency with which they will follow such methods. Heckman two-step regression was used to estimate the parameters of a double-log function. Results from the first stage of regression show that the number of young dependents, residence in certain regions, and being married increase the likelihood for households to use modern contraceptives. On the expenditure side, the more a family can spend for items other than its most basic necessities, the greater its propensity to use as well. Meanwhile, the second stage of regression reveals similar findings for variables that describe the household, but this time, expenditure for basic necessities like food and rent diverts spending for modern contraception. These results show that families with limited income indeed treat the two levels of decision-making very differently. In light of these findings, improving contraceptive prevalence is now a matter of helping households with the tradeoffs they are faced. Pills and condoms may be provided cheap or for free, and subsidies for food, medicine and education may be given, among other things. Raising income levels, however, is not a straightforward matter, and the policy prescriptions for this can be very difficult. But once this is successfully done, the benefits will transcend reproductive health and improve general well-being.
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    Should we rely on cash versus in-kind transfers to raise basic expenditures of poor families?
    (2008-10) Manipon, Trishia Anne J.; Cervantes, Karen Ann D.
    This paper aims to determine whether or not poor households spend cash transfers on basic expenditures. Using the 2003 Family Income Expenditure Survey and the definition of basic expenditure set by the National Statistics Coordination Board, a multiple regression model is used to analyze the effect of cash transfers among different income levels on the proportion of total expenditure allocated to basic expenditure. The results suggest that cash transfers received by different income levels have a positive effect on the proportion of basic expenditure over total expenditure. However, the same results suggest that transfers in kind received by households from poor households have a positive and even greater effect on basic expenditure them that arising from cash transfers.
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    Capital investment or personal consumption: analysis of Filipino household expenditures on telephone use
    (2010-04) Claveria, Ian Matthew P.; Leonardo, Leo Zandro S.
    Phones, as an information and communication technology tool, make up an essential component that aids economic development. Despite perceived importance, limited studies are available that explore phone use of individuals at the micro-level. Thus, the study aims to contribute to existing literatures by attempting to determine if phone expenditures of Filipino households are intended more for business use than for personal use. Using the 2006 Family Income and Expenditure Survey, a two-stage Heckman model was employed in estimating the determinants of phone expenditures in the household level. However, analysis shows that the model offers insufficient information needed due to limitations in the study. Hence, an alternative test was used. Although the attempt failed to determine clearly the motivation behind phone expenditure of households, it is evident that a significant portion of phone expenditures are spent for business purposes, and that some occupational groups require more phones.