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Item Restricted Regression-based decompositions of the level and changes in income inequality in the Philippines(2012-03-21) De Padua, David Keith S.; Roque, Gabriel Luis E.; Mendoza, Maria Nimfa F.This paper aims to update an existing exploratory study on the levels of income inequality and to apply the same methodology to shed light on the sources of changes in these levels across time. Using household expenditure data for the years 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009, we estimate standard income-generating functions and then calculate each explanatory factor's share in the disparity. We find that income inequality can mostly be attributed to the educational attainment of the household head, which has a share of about one third. Family size and access to electricity are important contributors as well, but the former's share increased during the period while the latter's share decreased by almost half. Spatial inequality, represented by urban-rural disparity and mean expenditure disparity across regions, accounts for roughly a quarter of the explained variation. The decline in the Gini, on the other hand, can be linked to greater access to electricity, despite a counteractive effect of the household head's educational attainment.Item Restricted When do mnimum wages determine income inequality? the effect of regional heterogeneity and the Philippine case (1991-2009)(2012-03) Reinoso, Regina Teresa B.; Tamase, Paolo Emmanuel S.; Desierto, Desiree A.This paper aims to explore the relationship between minimum wages and regional income inequality in the Philippine case. In particular, the objective of the paper is to assess whether minimum wages exacerbated regional income inequality in the Philippines, and if so, under which circumstances. The main experiment consisted of two data sets-pre-2005 and post-2005-that included the gini coefficient as dependent variable; the non-agriculture, agriculture (plantation), and agriculture (non- plantation) minimum wages as main independent variables of interest; and controls. Using panel data regression techniques, it is discovered that, individually, minimum wages were insignificant on both pre-2005 and post-2005 models; however, for the pre-2005 model, the three wages did have a jointly significant effect on the dependent variable. The peculiarity is attributed to intra-regional heterogeneity, which is also used to explain the difference between the Philippine experience and those of Latin American countries, as well as the disparity between the pre-2005 and post-2005 results. In its conclusion, the paper challenges conventional wisdom offered by classical theory: first, minimum wages have a significant effect on income distribution if a single or a few wages are imposed on a heterogeneous labor market; and second, if minimum wages are imposed on more homogenous sectors of the labor market, they lose any significant impact on income inequality.Item Restricted Decomposition of the Gini ratio, Philippines 1961, 1965 and 1971(1974-01) Aromin, Arlene B.; Panga, Ela T.; Mangahas, MaharItem Restricted The effects of stabilization programs on income distribution(1986-03) Arcebal, Roxanne; Casanova, Olivia; Montes, Manuel F.Item Restricted An analysis of Philippine wages and their differentials 1972-1987(1988-03) Luz, Luisa Maria Ojeda; Gorospe, Cecilia Farida; GochocoItem Restricted Measuring the intensity of poverty in Metro Manila(1987-06) Pascual, Clarence; Tan, EditaItem Restricted The Philips curve and its significance in the Philippines(2002-01) Bauto, Janis T.; Chaluyan, Inulli E.; Reside, RenatoItem Restricted Participation in groups and its effects on self assessed income deciles(2004-04) Choi, Youngran; Nancy, Zapanta; Diokno, BenjaminThis study was undertaken to assess the impact of social interaction, through joining groups, on self-assessed economic outcomes of individuals. Groups are often used as a resource allocating mechanism, its benefits coming either through the government or the private sector. However, for groups to function, the important elements-trust and willingness to do unpaid voluntary work are needed to be present. Regression results of empirical data, using self-assessed income deciles and membership in formal groups as dependent and independent variables respectively show that individuals from certain income rankings have the propensity to join certain groups based on their income characteristics as well as the nature of the groups themselves. It has also been uncovered that richer people join more groups than less affluent individuals. It has also been found out that joining groups does not preclude trust in others; rather it also depends on individual's own motivation or purpose. By ascertaining the types of individuals that join certain types of groups, the government can more narrowly pinpoint what kind of groups to encourage and even subsidize. Working through groups, we suggest that decentralization of the government can better serve its constituents due to closer interaction with community groups and organization, at the same time save scarce resources as the groups themselves distribute and monitor for its own members.Item Restricted Highly globalized + well-governed = equitable income distribution? an analysis of the impact of globalization and governance on national income inequality(2006-03) Ocampo, Jamir NiƱo P.; Alburo, FlorianThis paper intends to show relationships among globalization, governance and their interaction with income inequality. To test the significance of the relationships of specific globalization dimensions (trade and capital flow) and governance practices (democratic governance, corruption control and regulatory quality) with income inequality, the study uses pooled time-series and cross section analysis on 39 countries from 1995 to 2000. In particular this paper aims: (1) to derive the exclusive effect of globalization to income inequality, (2) to determine the exclusive effect of governance to income inequality and (3) to find out the effect of globalization-governance interaction to within country inequality. Results show that globalization, governance and their interaction affects income distribution significantly and differently per dimension and type of country. For globalization dimensions, trade reduces income inequality while capital flow appears to worsen income distribution only for the developing countries. Meanwhile, democratic governance and anti-corruption practices reduces income inequality while an improvement in regulatory quality increases it. For all countries, the study shows that an interaction between democratic governance and all globalization dimensions creates an additional reducing effect to income inequality. Furthermore, the effect of globalization, governance and its interaction to income distribution tends to be stronger and larger for the developing than the developed nations.Item Restricted The time lag between economic growth and poverty reduction in the Philippines(2008-04) Tabora, Jake Rupert T.; Barquilla, Kim A.; Reside, RenatoThe study answers the question: how many years, on the average, will it take before economic growth can lift poor households from poverty? It digs deeper to the relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction. By using the Morduch's Average Exit Time or the Transformed Watts Poverty Index, the study was able to obtain results indicating the time will it take before economic growth effects to poverty reduction. With the exception of the National Capital Region whose time lag is less than a year, poor households in all other regions should wait for at least one year before the growth in their income could lift them from poverty. Despite of the limiting assumptions of the model, that is, constant growth of income and poverty gap, the results of the simulation ascertain the strength of a specific economic growth in reducing poverty. The higher the average exit time, the weaker growth is in reducing poverty.