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Item Restricted Implications of the effect of different types of intimate partner violence on the use of contraceptives by mothers: evidence from the Philippines(2023-07-12) Narvaez, Patricia Eurielle R.; Paderes, Kyla Marie T.; Jandoc, Karl Robert L.With the prevalence of unplanned pregnancies and low contraceptive use in the Philippines, there are few existing studies that study the effect of the different types of intimate partner violence (IPV) on use of specific contraceptive methods. This study explores the effect of IPV dimensions such as physical violence, emotional abuse, sexual violence, and controlling behavior on general use of contraceptives and usage per type in both modern and natural methods. The study uses the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS) that contains information on the 1) presence of IPV in the household, (2) demographic characteristics, (3) mother’s status, characteristics, autonomy, and exposure and perception to abuse, (4) status and characteristics of the partner, and (5) mother’s use of contraceptives. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was used to analyze the effect of IPV on contraceptive use conditional on some observed background characteristics. Our results show that mothers who are susceptible to physical violence increase their use of modern contraceptives [ATE: 0.1200, p ≤ 0.01], specifically ligation [ATE: 0.1008, p ≤ 0.05], but reduce the use of injections [ATE: -0.0236, p ≤ 0.05]. These mothers reduce the use of natural contraceptives, particularly the use of rhythm calendar [ATE: -0.1238, p ≤ 0.01] and rhythm temperature [ATE: -0.0051, p ≤ 0.05]. Maternal exposure to emotional abuse increases the use of withdrawal method [ATE: 0.0804, p ≤ 0.01] as well as condom use [ATE: 0.0364, p ≤ 0.05]. On the other hand, mothers who are vulnerable to sexual violence significantly reduce the use of condom [ATE: -0.0396, p ≤ 0.05] and instead, increases the use of abstinence [ATE: 0.0225, p≤ 0.05]. Lastly, being exposed to controlling behavior, mothers reduce the use of pills [ATE: -0.0503, p ≤ 0.05] and abstinence [ATE: -0.0150, p ≤ 0.10]. We observed that the use of contraceptive methods vary with one’s exposure to a specific type of IPV. Exposure to physical violence affects a mother's decision on using contraceptives wherein they prefer something more effective, lasting, less repetitive, and can completely be hidden to their partners as a way to gain control, protect their bodies, and prevent bringing a child into a violent household. Conversely, exposure to emotional abuse, sexual violence, and controlling behavior shows that these mothers feel powerless and they still lack participation in decision making as the methods used are dependent to their partner’s decision. Thus, this shows that exposure, perception, and experiencing violence, together with lack of knowledge, accessibility, and availability of contraceptives shows a cycle of unresolved problems that negatively impacts the overall well-being of our citizens, especially women. This study suggests close monitoring and increased accessibility to reproductive health services together with improved implementation of the RH Law in addressing these significant issues and gaps in the policies that are detrimental to our country’s vulnerable sectors.Item Restricted When the giants sneeze: a study on the international monetary policy spillovers in the Philippines(2023-07-05) Endaya, Mark Joseph V.; Mantuano, Jordan Jae C.; Pajaron, Marjorie C.In an increasingly interconnected global economy shaped by globalization, smaller economies like the Philippines face heightened vulnerability to the monetary policy decisions of larger economies. This paper aims to investigate the varying magnitude and dynamics of international monetary spillovers on the Philippines’ policy rate and whether there has been a structural change in the transmission process of spillovers in the Philippines before and after the 2008 global financial crisis. Our primary focus is on the United States (US), Japan, and the People's Republic of China (PRC) because of their status as the Philippines' largest trading partners. Using OLS, Vector Autoregression (VAR), and Structural VAR (SVAR), our findings uncover distinct patterns in spillover effects. US policy rate shocks have a significant short-term impact on the Philippine policy rate, while Japanese policy rate fluctuations shape the Philippine policy rate over the long term. However, PRC policy rate shocks do not significantly influence the Philippine policy rate. Nonetheless, we find that only monetary shocks from PRC, through its policy rates, significantly affect Philippine exchange rates. We also identify a structural shift in spillover transmission following the 2008 global financial crisis from the US and Japan. By providing comprehensive insights into the differential effects of international monetary shocks, our research can equip policymakers with valuable information to better understand and manage spillovers, hopefully helping them to formulate more effective monetary policies and promote economic stability in an interconnected global financial landscape.Item Restricted Food insecurity and coping mechanism in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic(2024-01-15) Natividad, Maritess Sophia C.; Pamintuan, Zyrille Jade O.; Pernia, Ernesto M.Food insecurity is a problem faced by countries all over the world. In the Philippines, more than half of the population is categorized as food insecure and the lockdowns which financially and physically constrained households from accessing food has severely affected the levels of food insecurity within the country during the COVID-19 pandemic. The lockdowns have made households exhaust all means possible so that they could obtain food. Different households would have different coping mechanisms in the face of food shortage. Such coping mechanisms can be to modify food consumption or to protect food consumption. Using the probit and multinomial regression models show the pivotal role of job retention, online selling ventures, government assistance, responsible credit use, and promotion of insurance coverage in alleviating food insecurity of households.Item Restricted The “highway effect” on school enrollment: the case of SCTEX and TPLEX(2023-07) Realeza, Collette P.; Santos, Elijah C.; Monsod, Toby Melissa C.In this study, we examine the effect of highway investments, specifically that of the Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway and the Tarlac-Pangasinan-La Union Expressway, on the enrollment rates of the municipalities within the provinces of Bataan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, and Pangasinan. On the one hand, highways expose people to greater employment opportunities in other regions and may lead to an increase in the opportunity costs of education. On the other hand, highways can lower transport costs, directly lowering the costs of studying, which may lead to increased attendance. After employing a modified two-way fixed effects model with multiple time periods and treatment groups, we find that these specific highway investments did not affect the enrollment rates of younger students. unexpectedly, we also find that the enrollment rates of older students were not affected. This may be explained by the trend of enrollment rates of older students post-K-12 implementation.Item Restricted Modelling the oil price–exchange rate nexus: the Philippine case(2023-01-16) Dela Cruz, Frabert Ace E.; Reyes, Eirene Gillian M.; Alburo, Florian A.This paper examines the impact of oil prices on the PHP/USD nominal exchange rate. The literature specifies two channels through which the effects of oil price shocks are transmitted to changes in exchange rates. In the case of the Philippines, one can see that the “terms of trade” channel is the dominant effect. Using daily oil prices and PHP/USD exchange rate data from January 2, 2003 to October 24, 2022, this study employed the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model to determine the effects of oil prices on the exchange rate. The results show that a 10% increase in oil prices is associated with a 0.13% Philippine peso appreciation relative to the US dollar and is statistically significant. This finding is consistent with the “terms of trade” channel, where oil price increases are expected to be associated with exchange rate appreciation for countries with energy-intensive non-tradable sectors.Item Restricted The impact of governance indicators on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in the Philippines(2023-07-21) Llantos, Lawrence Noel A.; Oamil, Ken Edward G.; Pajaron, Marjorie C.This study analyzes the impact of governance indicators on the FDI inflows of the Philippines. Using the top 20 foreign investor countries from 2005 to 2021, we explore whether their investment decisions were affected by governance, which we measure six-ways as provided by the World Bank: (1) control of corruption; (2) government effectiveness; (3) political stability and absence of violence/terrorism; (4) regulatory quality; (5) rule of law; and (6) voice and accountability. Using the ordinary least squares (OLS), the fixed effects, and the random effects regression models, we find that regulatory quality, defined as the government’s ability to implement policies and regulations that promote private sector growth, is the only indicator that had a positive significant impact on FDI inflows, while the rest of the indicators did not have a significant effect on it. From our study’s results, we suggest that the national government consider formulating and implementing policies and regulations that would better protect and develop the private sector to attract more foreign investors. Due to the limitations of our findings, we also recommend further improvements to future studies in the field to explore the effects of governance indicators on Philippine FDI with greater detail.Item Restricted Fiscal decentralization and regional economic growth: the case for the Philippines(2016-12) Madridejos, Joanne Nicole Marie L.; Tipan, Aaron Cielo G. ; Escresa, Laarni C.In the past years, there has been an increasing policy trend towards fiscal decentralization, especially in developing countries. This practice is expected to promote rural economic development by increasing government efficiency and responsiveness, and for that reason, it became the subject of many empirical studies. However, the existing theoretical and empirical discussions which address the question whether decentralization accelerates economic growth portray mixed results. This study aims to fill this gap by measuring the effect of fiscal decentralization in regional economic growth in the context of the Philippine economy using the different measures of decentralization introduced by Uchimura and Suzuki (2009) and another innovative measure by the researchers. Using fixed effects model in the empirical analysis of the Philippine regions from 2001 to 2011, excluding National Caspital Region (NCR) and Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), this paper demonstrates that increasing the capabilities of the local government units to self-generate their sources of revenue and their fiscal autonomy until it reaches its optimal level of decentralization have a positive effect on regional economic growth. Moreover, among all the measures of fiscal decentralization, revenue decentralization has the largest economic significance which suggests its important role on regional growth.Item Restricted The impact of micro-banking offices on loan accessibility: empirical evidence in the Philippines(2019-05-28) David, Maria Khlya Lancelot C. ; Pilapil, Agatha C. ; Esguerra, Emmanuel F.Developing countries such as the Philippines have always aimed for sustainable development. A major aspect of this kind of development is poverty reduction and inclusion for all, a pro-poor growth. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas has already specified targets, one of which is the implementation of BSP Policy No.694, “Amendment of Regulations on the Establishment of Other Banking Offices and Notes to Microfinance.” The policy includes a provision where the micro-banking offices are allowed to disburse or release micro-loans and collect loan payment and other charges. The objective is to cause household borrowers to shift from informal loan sources to formal loan sources, specifically to microfinance institutions. This paper evaluates whether the observed shift to formal loan sources between 2008 and 2014 can be attributed to the said policy. Using a multinomial probit regression, the researchers examine different socio-economic variables that could possibly affect the household head’s decision on loan source availment. Sex, total income, work type, insurance, and grants are among these. Micro-Banking Office (MBO) density per municipality is used as the policy indicator to determine if the BSP’s policy action, which took place in 2010, can explain the observed outcome in 2014. Findings show that the presence of MBOs decreases the probability of a household availing from informal sources (family and friends, informal lenders). This supports the view that the significant shift of loan availment source, informal to formal, can be attributed to the said policy. This indicates the effectiveness of BSP policy on establishment of MBOs, improving then the financial inclusion in the country.Item Restricted The medical and socioeconomic factors contributing to the incidence of births by caesarean section in the Philippines(2019-02-08) Aganinta, David S. ; Arboleda, Alec Rose G. ; Mendoza, Maria Nimfa F.The undergraduate paper will test which medical and socioeconomic factors can cause the incidence of Cesarean births based on Philippine data from a population of women who have experienced delivery by c-section. Using information gathered from the women’s childbearing experience, the thesis paper will aim to discern which of those recalled circumstances may substantially contribute to women having to go through c-section births. The tests aim to estimate impact of the factors in question on the likelihood that the aforementioned event will occur. The study will use the 2013 National Demographic Health Survey as data. Results run from the heckprobit model used show that delivery complications (sepsis and loss of consciousness during delivery), insurance, wealth status, number of alive children, the offspring in the womb being twins, and the mother’s age on birth are factors that contribute the incidence of caesarean births.Item Restricted A study on the influence of hunger and alcohol consumption on suicidal tendencies among Filipino high school students(2016-01) Gaborni, Alessandra Mae B. ; Layug, Kim M. ; Ravago, Majah-Leah V.Suicide and mental health are among the pressing issues that different nations from around the globe are trying to address. A previous time trend study in the Philippines found that the younger age groups, especially females, are not only susceptible to suicides, but also to non-fatal self-harming and failed suicide attempts. While it is no surprise that people suffering from depression are at most risk of committing suicide, existing literatures from other countries have linked alcohol consumption and experiencing hunger to suicidal behavior. Hence, our paper aims to examine how these factors could influence high school students in the Philippines into exhibiting suicidal behavior. Our paper found that although experiencing hunger is not a very strong predictor for whether a student will seriously consider suicide, it is a strong predictor for actual suicide attempts. Alcohol consumption, on the other hand, has a positive relationship with both suicidal thoughts and actual attempts. Our paper also found that increasing frequency of both experiencing hunger and consuming alcohol could increase the probability that the student will attempt suicide. In addition, females have higher likelihood of exhibiting suicidal behavior than males regardless of levels of hunger and alcohol consumption.