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Item Restricted The link between the adjusted misery index and crime in the Philippines(2023-03) Sabino II, Robert Dennis E.This study analyzes the relationship between the adjusted misery index and crime rate in the Philippines from 1978 to 2008. The adjusted misery index is an extension of Okun’s [1970] original indicator, which combined inflation and unemployment rate to measure general economic well-being. In this study, we add underemployment rate to the original misery index to more accurately capture the labor market conditions in the country. We adopt the Cantor-Land [1985] model to determine the relationship between the misery index and crime rate. According to the model, macroeconomic conditions affect crime via two contrasting effects: the motivational and opportunity effects. Worsening economic conditions may motivate more individuals to commit crime to maintain their standard of living. In contrast, the opportunity effect argues that unemployed individuals spend more time at home, which reduces their vulnerability to commit crime or be victims of crime. We use Johansen cointegration analysis and the vector error correction model (VECM) to identify the short-run and long-run dynamics between the adjusted misery index and crime rate in the Philippines. Our results suggest both short-run and long-run causal links from the adjusted misery index to crime. In particular, the adjusted misery index has a positive effect on crime rate in the Philippines, suggesting a stronger motivational than opportunity effect. The policy implication is non-trivial: if macroeconomic performance is a significant determinant of crime rates, then improving macroeconomic conditions may be used to reduce criminal activities in the country.Item Restricted The relationship of crime and macroeconomic variables in the Philippines(2018-05) Bacabac, Jeremae Nikolai S. ; Domingo, Jovey Mae M. ; Escresa, Laarni C.A growing literature on economic analysis of crime has linked macroeconomic conditions to the crime rates of a country. Due to different econometric methods and data used, mixed results are yielded on how significant and influential each economic factor is on crime incidence. In this paper, the researchers will use ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration and VECM to examine the causal relationship between macroeconomic conditions namely unemployment and underemployment, inflation, GDP and GDP per capita growth and property crimes such as break ins, street robbery and carnapping in the Philippines.Item Restricted Philippine crime and economics: new evidences using new crime reporting system(2015-12) Borromeo, Elizabeth Y.; Lizaso, Shaun Erycka T.; Mendoza, Maria Nimfa F.Crime and economics, undoubtedly, have significant relationship, as proved by several empirical research conducted decades ago and in the recent years. Since 2009, the Philippine National Police has implemented a new crime reporting system, which is said to be more efficient, thus, largely increasing reported crime rates throughout the years. Generating a conceptual framework to study the relationship of crimes and economics in the Philippine context, this paper aimed to determine to what extent the following economic and deterrence variables are related with the incidence of crimes: income inequality, gross domestic product, unemployment, education, police-to-population ratio, crime clearance efficiency, and police expenditure. Further, the results are utilized for policy-making or assessment purposes which are aimed to reduce crimes in the country. The researchers gathered 2009-2013 panel data with 17 regions and used the Fixed Effects model, the Least Square Dummy Variables model, and Distributed Lag model for each type of crime – against persons and against property. In the fixed effects model, unemployment, gross domestic product, police-to-population ratio, and police expenditure are significantly related with crimes, both against persons and property. Meanwhile, in the LSDV model, regression results show that all regional dummies are statistically significant except for CALABARZON. Importantly, for the distributed lag model, the results showed that increases in crime clearance efficiency significantly decreases both crimes against persons and property.