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Item Restricted Empowering households: decomposing energy inequality in the Philippines(2019-05) Nemenzo, Julio Anton Mulawin, R. ; Nulud, Katreena Yazmin, C. ; Capuno, Joseph J.Energy is a fundamental part of society and having access to electricity lead to beneficial development outcomes. Using data gathered from 20,591 households from the 2011 Household Energy Consumption Survey prepared by the Philippine Statistics Authority, we examined the presence of inequality in the electricity sector, using the concentration index, an index for measuring welfare services, for measuring electricity inequality. Using this index, this paper aims to see the presence of inequality in the country and to be able to compare the varying levels of inequality in electricity access of households in different regions. Furthermore, this paper decomposes the inequality based on different socioeconomic characteristics such as the highest educational level attained by the household head and their income level. This study found out that there is inequality in all regions, however, regions such as NCR, Region III, and Region I have less inequality than regions such as ARMM, Region IV-B, Region IX. The different socioeconomic variables also indicate other trends of electrical inequality. One of the findings of the decomposition analysis was that being part of the poorest households contributes 49% to the overall inequality. Connected to this, education levels of household head contribute to the overall inequality as household heads with college degrees or higher has a 41% contribution. In line with these findings, this paper proposes policies which could help improve the education of household heads and electrification programs targeted in regions will more inequality.Item Restricted The environment economy trade-off in the Philippines: an assessment of sustainable economic growth using decoupling, decomposition, and cointegration analyses(2022-06-20) Cabrito, Roni N.; Martinez, Paula Joy B.; Alburo, Florian A.The urgency of the climate crisis underscores the dire consequences of economic growth at the expense of the environment. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the sustainability of the Philippine economy in the years 2015-2020 through a supplemented 2x2x2 (two-by-two-by-two) methodology: two analyses (decoupling and cointegration) were performed in two scales (regionwide and countrywide) using two measures of environmental degradation (regional CO2 concentrations and national CO2 emissions) to characterize the short- and long-run dynamics of economic growth and environmental degradation, with a decomposition method to supplement the short-run analysis. Findings under both scales corroborated a decoupling trend from z6i5-2019, followed by a recoupling phase at the regional level and a decoupling phase at the national level during the height of the pandemic in 2020. The region of BARMM consistently had low environmental intensity while the Central Luzon transitioned from being the least environmentally intensive region in io16-2017 to having the highest environmental intensity in 2019-2020. On a macro-scale, economic intensity was the key driver of CO2 emission changes while energy intensity was the primary inhibitor. The short-run analysis gave indications of a trend towards energy efficiency in the country, and while co integration regression outcomes confirmed a long-run convergence between CO2 emissions and GDP, findings deny the presence of the EKC hypothesis in the Philippines.