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Item Restricted On the universal access to quality tertiary education law: the effects of free tuition on enrollment(2023-03-31) Lazo, Justine Gabrielle G.; Planas, Gabrielle Francine D.; Solon, Orville Jose C.The paper explores the effectiveness of the free tuition implemented by the Free Higher Education program in 2017 through the comparison on the rates of enrollment. Data from the Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS) conducted in 2016 and 2019 are used to empirically compare the significance of household income in the decision of enrolling household members in a university. The regression analysis conducted controls for factors available in the survey that could potentially influence a household’s decision to send a Filipino to college, such as scholarships and backgrounds of the parent. The study also covers the analysis on the inclination of a household towards private or public universities. The key findings of the study indicate that the current free tuition program is ineffective in achieving accessible college education for Filipinos, and that it may be benefitting higher income households. The results also imply that household income is still a crucial element in determining whether or not to let a member of the household receive college education.Item Restricted A study on the influence of OFW parents on children’s education(2022-06-13) Llamas, Sophia Margarita E.; Uy, Jan David D.; Solon, Orville Jose C.This paper seeks to establish the influence of Filipino parents working abroad on their child’s educational attainment. In order to accomplish this, we look into the principal factors that affect a child’s education according to established literature; this includes sex, income, parent’s education, and public spending on education. Then we look at the nature of overseas workers, specifically overseas contract workers in the Philippines. We hypothesize that OFWs will positively influence their children’s educational attainment. Data from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) and the Labor Force Survey (LFS) is then used to serve as the data points for this study. We then run a logit regression on the difference of the child’s educational attainment with the household head’s educational attainment against the principal factors, working abroad variable, and interaction variables. From this, we find that past literature on the effects of sex, income, public spending, and parent’s education are true. Furthermore, we also find that the presence of a parent working abroad increases the likelihood that the child will have the same or higher educational attainment than the household head. After which, recommendations for future research on this field are annotated.Item Restricted Benefit incidence analysis of public education spending in the Philippines for the years 2016 and 2019(2023-07) De Taza, Calros Harry A.; Jureidini, Crizan Kyle A.; Jandoc, Karl Robert L.With the recent enactment of two important education laws, namely the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 and the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education of 2017, this paper tries to investigate the progressiveness of public education spending in the Philippines using benefit incidence analysis (BIA). Following Davoodi et. al.’s BIA methodology and Manasan et. al.’s BIA on Philippine public education spending two decades previous, actual public education expenditures and service utilization at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels were estimated from national budget accounts along with enrollment rates for both 2016 and 2019. Using the Annual Poverty Incidence Survey (APIS), the enrollment rates at each income decile were then considered to arrive at the distribution of benefits. It was found that in comparing the two time periods at the national level, primary education spending became less progressive, secondary education spending became more progressive, and tertiary education spending became less regressive.Item Restricted Women economic empowerment on educational expenditure among regions in the Philippines(2017) Guingon, Emira Margot R. ; Pandy, Jan Hillary R.Women empowerment has often been cited as crucial to human capital investments in education, which in turn tend to spur economic growth and development. This study thus aims to test the claim that greater women economic empowerment increases household education spending in the Philippine context. Using principal components analysis, we derive the Composite Index of Women Empowerment (CIWE) per region. Specifically, the CIWE consists of determinants of women’s involvement in the economic decision-making in each household – as lifted from the National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) 2013 -- namely, women’s control over their own earnings, women’s control over their husbands’ earnings, decision making towards health care, decision making towards major household purchases, decision making towards purchases for daily household needs, and decision making towards visits to family or relatives. We then measure the effect of CIWE on household educational expenditure through Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimations on households included in the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) 2012. Controlling for regional, urban/rural and other household-specific characteristics, our results suggest that greater women economic empowerment robustly positively affects household educational expenditure, confirming that women economic empowerment is vital in societal or government efforts to spur human capital investment on education.Item Restricted Effect of household access to electricity on children's school participation(2017-12-20) Enriquez , Ma. Koleen F. ; Estampador, Camille Therese D. ; Ravago, Majah-Leah V.In this paper, we use the pooled cross-section data of Annual Poverty Indicators Survey from 2002 to 2016 in assessing the effect of household electricity access on school attendance. We find that due to electricity at home, the likelihood of a child attending school increases by 5 percentage points. On the other hand, there is a 4 percentage point increase in the odds of the child going to school if there is electricity present while also considering ownership of appliances (e.g. television, radio, air conditioner, and computer). In supporting future policies on the importance of household electricity, this study provides substantial evidence that household access to electricity has positive correlation on the school attendance of children in the Philippines.Item Restricted A mother's touch: a study on the impact of maternal education on the educational outcomes of their children(2022-06-11) Magpantay, Isaac Raphael C.; Solon, Orville Jose C.This study aims to study the impact of maternal education on the probability that children will achieve higher educational outcomes. An ordered probit model was used, and marginal effects were computed in order to assess the effect of maternal education on the probability of achieving higher educational outcomes. The results suggest that parental education has a significantly positive effect on the probability that a child will achieve higher levels of education, with maternal education having a stronger effect. Aside from this, results also suggest that daughters are more likely to attain higher educational outcomes regardless of parental education and urbanity. Lastly, household income is also statistically significant, with higher levels of income associated with higher likelihood of higher education. The results of this study point towards policies targeted towards improving the low educational attainment of mothers and daughters, given how the benefits of maternal education lasts across generations.Item Restricted Philippine crime and economics: new evidences using new crime reporting system(2015-12) Borromeo, Elizabeth Y.; Lizaso, Shaun Erycka T.; Mendoza, Maria Nimfa F.Crime and economics, undoubtedly, have significant relationship, as proved by several empirical research conducted decades ago and in the recent years. Since 2009, the Philippine National Police has implemented a new crime reporting system, which is said to be more efficient, thus, largely increasing reported crime rates throughout the years. Generating a conceptual framework to study the relationship of crimes and economics in the Philippine context, this paper aimed to determine to what extent the following economic and deterrence variables are related with the incidence of crimes: income inequality, gross domestic product, unemployment, education, police-to-population ratio, crime clearance efficiency, and police expenditure. Further, the results are utilized for policy-making or assessment purposes which are aimed to reduce crimes in the country. The researchers gathered 2009-2013 panel data with 17 regions and used the Fixed Effects model, the Least Square Dummy Variables model, and Distributed Lag model for each type of crime – against persons and against property. In the fixed effects model, unemployment, gross domestic product, police-to-population ratio, and police expenditure are significantly related with crimes, both against persons and property. Meanwhile, in the LSDV model, regression results show that all regional dummies are statistically significant except for CALABARZON. Importantly, for the distributed lag model, the results showed that increases in crime clearance efficiency significantly decreases both crimes against persons and property.Item Restricted What women want: a study on conjugal power structures and the achievements of fertility preferences in the Philippines(2012-01) Cruz, Carisa Angela G.; Lao, Perry Evan C.; Capuno, Joseph J.Conjugal power relations constitute much of the decision-making process of husbands and wives. Studies have shown that the balance of power between married couples depends on several factors, including how much income each of the individuals contribute to the total income of the household. This paper focuses on how reproductive decisions are made: who really gets the last say - the husband or the wife? Our research highlights the importance of the woman's educational attainment and employment because the two give her a chance to increase her bargaining power when making household decisions. Various relationships between the other independent variables (e.g. age, religion and location of residence) were shown to be insignificant after performing multinomial logit regressions.Item Restricted An analysis of the relationship of the comprehensive agrarian reform program on the school attendance of children(2012-10) Malit, Ryan Anthony S.; Mata, Danielle Ann G.; Kraft, Aleli D.Land reform has been one of the key agenda of the Philippines to reduce poverty and encourage the accumulation of human capital investments. One of the most important human capital investments is education that has been known to play a vital role in a country's socio-economic growth and development. This paper aims to examine the relationship of land reform to education, particularly to the school attendance of the beneficiaries' children. The researchers used a probit regression to determine whether the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program is correlated with the school attendance of children. The study utilized information concerning children aged 6 to 17 years old, derived from the Annual Poverty Indicator Survey of 2010. Results show that land reform increases the school attendance of children by 5 percent. This finding substantiates the literature that land reform indeed has a lot of beneficial impacts on poverty reduction and income inequality reduction, and more importantly on human-capital accumulation.Item Restricted Patterns and determinats of fruits and vegetables consumption of different income groups in the Philippines(2011-03-28) Bartolata, Christine B.; Lao, Monina Nica L.; Desierto, Desiree A.This study assesses the observable effects of income and nutritional knowledge on the supposed nature of fruits and vegetables among different income groups - whether these goods are treated as inferior or normal goods. Using the household-level data from the 2006 Family Income and Expenditure Survey of the National Statistics Office which primarily profiles of the fruit and vegetable consumption of Filipinos on the basis of income while controlling for socio- demographic and economic factors like education, health-related and family matters. The results show that consumption of fruits and vegetables is an inferior good taking into consideration the decreasing budget share of these good as household income increases. Our findings also reflect that higher income of the high skilled occupational groups also lead to higher consumption when relating it to nutrition knowledge. In addition, inferiority of these goods is most evident in urban Luzon region while Visayas and Mindanao regions show otherwise. Overall, the patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption differ across the different regions and varying educational attainment and major occupational groups.