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Item Restricted Empowering households: decomposing energy inequality in the Philippines(2019-05) Nemenzo, Julio Anton Mulawin, R. ; Nulud, Katreena Yazmin, C. ; Capuno, Joseph J.Energy is a fundamental part of society and having access to electricity lead to beneficial development outcomes. Using data gathered from 20,591 households from the 2011 Household Energy Consumption Survey prepared by the Philippine Statistics Authority, we examined the presence of inequality in the electricity sector, using the concentration index, an index for measuring welfare services, for measuring electricity inequality. Using this index, this paper aims to see the presence of inequality in the country and to be able to compare the varying levels of inequality in electricity access of households in different regions. Furthermore, this paper decomposes the inequality based on different socioeconomic characteristics such as the highest educational level attained by the household head and their income level. This study found out that there is inequality in all regions, however, regions such as NCR, Region III, and Region I have less inequality than regions such as ARMM, Region IV-B, Region IX. The different socioeconomic variables also indicate other trends of electrical inequality. One of the findings of the decomposition analysis was that being part of the poorest households contributes 49% to the overall inequality. Connected to this, education levels of household head contribute to the overall inequality as household heads with college degrees or higher has a 41% contribution. In line with these findings, this paper proposes policies which could help improve the education of household heads and electrification programs targeted in regions will more inequality.Item Restricted Effect of household access to electricity on children's school participation(2017-12-20) Enriquez , Ma. Koleen F. ; Estampador, Camille Therese D. ; Ravago, Majah-Leah V.In this paper, we use the pooled cross-section data of Annual Poverty Indicators Survey from 2002 to 2016 in assessing the effect of household electricity access on school attendance. We find that due to electricity at home, the likelihood of a child attending school increases by 5 percentage points. On the other hand, there is a 4 percentage point increase in the odds of the child going to school if there is electricity present while also considering ownership of appliances (e.g. television, radio, air conditioner, and computer). In supporting future policies on the importance of household electricity, this study provides substantial evidence that household access to electricity has positive correlation on the school attendance of children in the Philippines.Item Restricted Determinants of short-run electricity consumption in the Philippines(2018-01) Racadio, Lorenzo Romeo C. ; Salarda, John Renz G. ; Ravago, Majah-Leah V.Electricity is an essential need to power appliance needs of households. We want to determine how households consume electricity with the aim of determining what factors affect electricity consumption using the Household Energy Consumption Surveys of 2011 and 2004. Our regression is a log-level model regressing monthly electricity consumption against household characteristics, particularly income, energy conservation efficiency, temperature, appliance quantity and electricity price. Our findings suggest intuitive. However, increases in unidentified appliances and worse conservation efficiency lead to decreases in consumption. Most households that own unidentified appliances or have poorer conservation ratings tend to have lower incomes, hence the decrease in consumption. As a result, we conduct another set of regressions that consider relationships between income and appliance quantity, conservation rating and income, and temperature and electricity price. In the results, we see that income and appliance quantity are linked with increases in consumption, holding conservation rating and income constant respectively. The interaction of electricity price and temperature is associated with the trend that electricity consumption increases with increases in electricity price or temperature given the other variable. Meanwhile, counter intuitive increases in consumption associated with household conservation grade improvements lead us to conclude that there are deeper endogenous relationships present between conservation rating and other factors. Some policy options then to increase consumption pertain to incentives for urbanization and live births, and also conducting trade with countries that provide low cost appliances.Item Restricted The merit order effect of renewable energy generation on wholesale electricity spot market prices in the Philippines(2026-01-07) Cabral, Althea Mhai G.; Morikawa, Shannen Marri S.; Sabarillo, Anthony G."This thesis examines the relationship between renewable energy generation and electricity prices in the Wholesale Electricity Spot Market of the Philippines. Using hourly system marginal price and technology-disaggregated renewable energy generation data from 2014 to 2021, this study observes the (1) overall effect of renewables on spot market prices, (2) disaggregated effects of solar, wind, geothermal, and hydro energy sources, and (3) variations in results arising from differences between daytime versus nighttime and dry versus rainy seasons through an Ordinary Least Squares regression framework with dummies for time effects and regional differences. Results show that the impact of renewables on spot market prices in the country is heavily dependent on the type of technology, where variable renewables such as solar and wind exhibit a negative association with prices, but non-variable renewables such as hydro and geothermal do the opposite. These findings suggest that the merit order effect, which describes how renewables push out more expensive generators and lower the cost of electricity prices, does not necessarily uniformly occur in the Philippine setting. This thesis contributes one of the first empirical examinations of the effect of RE generation on WESM prices as the country attempts to balance the energy trilemma of sustainability, security, and affordability in its transition towards renewable energy."