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Subject: fixed effects ×

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    In business: the role of micro, small and medium enterprises in economic output
    (2016-12-13) Gruezo, Ezequiel Joshua D. ; Santos, Jose Angelo M.
    Support for micro, small, and medium Enterprises (MSMEs) has been extensive in different economies around the world because of the belief that it drives economic development through job creation, innovation, and better competition. For this same reason, and the fact that MSMEs make up a significant number of total establishments and share of employment generated, the Philippines has been pushing for MSME development through numerous initiatives. However, skeptical views regarding the importance of MSMEs in economic development cannot be ignored; most notable among them the argument that it is the overall business environment and atmosphere, rather than MSME proliferation that affects economic output. In this study, we aim to measure the effect of MSMEs on economic output measured by the gross value added per sector. Other sector-specific and macroeconomic variables obtained from various sources from years 2011-2014 are included. Estimations are done using a panel data regression, with the fixed effects model being the most suitable method as given by the Hausman test. Results show that the MSME variables are insignificant to output, while the business environment variable, inflation and total employment prove to be significant. These results encourage government to push for a better overall business environment and improved human capital to achieve economic development. Total employment and inflation must also be kept in check to achieve an increasing level economic output. Although data limitations diminish the explanatory power of our findings, we hope to still contribute to the sparse research in the field.
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    Vaxx to the max: does an increase in government health spending lead to an increase in vaccination coverage?
    (2019-05-14) Serrano, Ian Jerald J. ; Tai, Jiwan S. ; Capuno, Joseph J.
    One health objective, vaccination coverage, has saved millions of lives since the discovery of the first vaccine. To determine how governments influence this specific objective, the elasticity of vaccination rates of select Asian developing countries with respect to government health expenditures per capita was studied. To control for endogeneity in government health spending, the democracy levels and the control of corruption scores of the countries were used as instrumental variables. Select Asian developing countries were used in the study for comparability and in order to analyze in particular health and government systems in transition, which can show clearer variations and improvements in healthcare. To estimate the effects of the explanatory variable on the vaccination rates, we utilized variations of panel data fixed effects regression analysis with instrumental variables. The results show that vaccination rates are inelastic with respect to government health expenditures. Furthermore, additional results showed that the presence of diminishing marginal returns resulted to the inelasticity. However, the two variables still had a small positive relationship. Thus, increasing government health expenditures often leads to increases in vaccination rates. Moreover, additional spending will be even more effective with better governance as characterized by targeted and efficient spending and by campaigns in response to vaccine hesitancy. These findings show that greater prioritization in health policies through increased health spending leads to the fulfillment of health objectives, but because of the inelastic relationship, other crucial factors must also be considered.
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    On the effects of contraceptive prevalence, acces to maternal health services, and economic growth on the maternal mortality rate: a cross-national study
    (2011-10) Rabang, Christia Rizza A.; Diokno, Benjamin E.
    Using cross-national analysis of eight fixed effects estimation models (four primary models and four modified models), this study determines the effects of three key -contraceptive prevalence, -contraceptive prevalence, access to maternal (as services (as measured by presence of skilled birth attendants), (as economic growth (as measured by GDP per capita)- on the maternal mortality rate while controlling for other variables - health expenditure per capita, women's labor force participation, and literacy The of women to men. The results (two primary the first four models (two primary models and their respective modified models) of the study show that contraceptive prevalence is highly significant and has negative effects on the maternal mortality rate, (again, the results of the latter four models (again, two primary models and their respective modified models) reveal that presence of skilled birth attendants is also significant For also has negative effects on the maternal mortality rate. For all primary models, GDP per capita shows to have variations Excluding significance and in the effects on the maternal mortality rate. Excluding GDP per capita in the modified models gives better results on the effects of contraceptive prevalence and presence of skilled birth attendants on the maternal mortality rate.