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Item Restricted Do political dynasties hinder gender equality in Philippine local politics?(2023-07-03) Lim, Allen Shaira A.; Salud, Alessandra Maria B.; Mendoza, Adrian R.This study analyzes the relationship between provincial political dynasties and the electoral outcomes for female officials. Using fixed effects panel data regressions, we analyze the impact of dynastic share per province on the share of locally elected female officials in a sample of 78 provinces over five election years: 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, and 2019. Contrary to our hypothesis, the share of political dynasties within a province is negatively linked to local female electoral outcomes. The results also showed that political dynastic share positively affects local electoral outcomes for male candidates. These indicate that political dynasties still favor male members over female members when fielding candidates in local offices. The results also suggest that dynasties further widen the gender gap in local politics, in favor of men. Political dynastic share also pulls the share of local female officials away from the 30 percent threshold set by the Sustainable Development Goals. In other words, an increase in political dynastic share steers local female participation away from the goal of equalizing representation. Combining this result with the benchwarmer effect wherein women act as placeholders once the dynastic incumbent has exhausted the term limit, we posit that dynasties and dynastic women may pose a threat on women’s substantive representation and meaningful participation in local politics.Item Restricted Gender bias in intra-household health expenditures(2017-06) Arceo, Louis Rodolfo C. ; Sandres, Robert Jr. M.Studies have consistently shown a gap between the economic valuation of men and women, through differentials in wage employment and education. In this paper, we attempt to explore whether there is evidence of gender bias in intrahousehold medical expenditures using individual-level data from the 2013 National Demographic and Health Survey. By adopting the extended hurdle model used by Irving and Jingdon (2008), we separate the process of availing healthcare into decision stages. We also consider the Tobit and Heckman selection models to address censorship and sample selection issues. Despite higher average spending levels among women, we find a pro-male bias in seeking treatment and medical expenditures, consistent with the predictions of the investment motive hypothesis. Results also show that age, insurance coverage, wealth and being the household head have positive effects on medical spending, while years of education and household size produce a negative influence.