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Item Restricted Do political dynasties hinder gender equality in Philippine local politics?(2023-07-03) Lim, Allen Shaira A.; Salud, Alessandra Maria B.; Mendoza, Adrian R.This study analyzes the relationship between provincial political dynasties and the electoral outcomes for female officials. Using fixed effects panel data regressions, we analyze the impact of dynastic share per province on the share of locally elected female officials in a sample of 78 provinces over five election years: 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, and 2019. Contrary to our hypothesis, the share of political dynasties within a province is negatively linked to local female electoral outcomes. The results also showed that political dynastic share positively affects local electoral outcomes for male candidates. These indicate that political dynasties still favor male members over female members when fielding candidates in local offices. The results also suggest that dynasties further widen the gender gap in local politics, in favor of men. Political dynastic share also pulls the share of local female officials away from the 30 percent threshold set by the Sustainable Development Goals. In other words, an increase in political dynastic share steers local female participation away from the goal of equalizing representation. Combining this result with the benchwarmer effect wherein women act as placeholders once the dynastic incumbent has exhausted the term limit, we posit that dynasties and dynastic women may pose a threat on women’s substantive representation and meaningful participation in local politics.Item Restricted COVID-19 and gender inequality in the labor market: the Philippine experience(2022-05) Bautista, Keisha Aeris C.; Retardo, Janell R.; Mendoza, Adrian R.This study examines whether COVID-19 exacerbated the existing gender gaps in the Philippine labor market. Using the Labor Force Surveys for October 2019 and October 2020, we perform probit regressions and post-estimation tests to compare the labor market experience of men and women before and during the pandemic. Three key indicators of labor market activities are analyzed: labor force participation, employment, and decision not to work due to household responsibilities. These outcomes are then assessed against a set of household-related characteristics such as marital status, having young children, and being a household head. The results confirm that significant gender gaps persist in terms of the contribution of the household-related determinants in men and women’s probability of labor force participation and employment during the pandemic. For instance, having young children has contrasting effects on men's and women’s labor market activities: positive for men but negative for women. Further the results confirm the gender bias in terms of the decision not to work or look for work due to family duties. Being married and having young children significantly increase women’s probability of performing unpaid household work, while there is no similar evidence for men. On a positive note, our results do not provide evidence that COVID-19 exacerbated the gender gaps in terms of the contribution of household-related variables to labor force participation, employment, and performance of unpaid household work.