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Subject: health expenditures ×

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    The effect of out of pocket (OOP) health expenditure on the budget shares of non-health commodities in Philippine households
    (2018) Lim, Hans Ryan T. ; Manotok, Josemaria Antonio T. ; Mendoza, Maria Nimfa F.
    This paper investigates whether out of pocket (OOP) health expenditures have a significant effect on the budget share allocation of 10 non-health commodities, namely food, education, recreation, transportation, alcohol, tobacco, clothing, housing and water, communication and durables for households in the Philippines. This is done using conditional Engel curves, which show how the budget share of a commodity increases or decreases in response to OOP health expenditures. Our findings suggest that poor households are most affected by rising OOP health expenditures. When OOP health expenditures rise, poor households are observed to decrease their budget shares of food, alcohol, tobacco, clothing, and communication, while their budget shares for housing and water and durables increase.
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    Gender bias in intra-household health expenditures
    (2017-06) Arceo, Louis Rodolfo C. ; Sandres, Robert Jr. M.
    Studies have consistently shown a gap between the economic valuation of men and women, through differentials in wage employment and education. In this paper, we attempt to explore whether there is evidence of gender bias in intrahousehold medical expenditures using individual-level data from the 2013 National Demographic and Health Survey. By adopting the extended hurdle model used by Irving and Jingdon (2008), we separate the process of availing healthcare into decision stages. We also consider the Tobit and Heckman selection models to address censorship and sample selection issues. Despite higher average spending levels among women, we find a pro-male bias in seeking treatment and medical expenditures, consistent with the predictions of the investment motive hypothesis. Results also show that age, insurance coverage, wealth and being the household head have positive effects on medical spending, while years of education and household size produce a negative influence.