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Item Restricted The heterogeneous impacts of conditional cash transfers on labor force participation: the case of pantawid pamilyang Pilipino program(2022-06) Amores, Crisandra A.; Mutuc, Lorenz L.Using the cross-sectional data from the merged 2018 Labor Force Survey (LFS) and Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES), we employed a logit regression to determine the effects of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) on the labor market outcomes of its adult recipients. The results revealed a positive and significant program impact on the household heads’ labor force participation. This finding is also consistent and robust across the different models tested. A Filipino household head who receives CCT has an 11.7 percent higher probability of participating in the labor force than a household head who does not receive CCT. We also found evidence of the heterogeneity of the effect depending on the household heads' sex, type of residence (urban-rural), and level of per capita income. There is a disincentive for female and rural household heads to participate in the labor market, whereas there is an incentive for nonpoor household heads. Such heterogeneity in the impact of CCT on labor force participation holds essential clues as to what needs to be done by governments, along with promoting investment in human capital and nutrition, to reduce intergenerational cycles of poverty. This includes proper targeting among female household heads and complementary employment opportunities in rural areas. We recommend that future studies focus on households' combined work hours to assess whether there is a transfer of household work into the informal sector from the formal sector. In this approach, new information can be obtained regarding the distribution of labor hours between formal and informal sectors, women and men, and rural and urban areas. This will enable policymakers to identify different and more nuanced types of potential program dependence, which may warrant a reevaluation of the methods used to target the poor in social programs.Item Restricted Effects of educational attainment and wage on the job-seeking behavior of the labor force in the Philippines(2018-06-06) Balmaceda, Jose Manuel D. ; Uy, Joshua Stanley S. ; Pajaron, Marjorie C.This paper focuses on the issue of job search method and job seeking behavior in response to the educational attainment and wage of individuals in the Philippines. Job opportunity has constantly been an issue yet to be resolved in the country as there are still misconceptions about the status of those employed and unemployed, such that the unemployed are among the poorest and have less job opportunity in the nation. The research used three econometric models: (1) the Probit model for dependent variable looked for work or established a business in the past week (LFW) and first time to look for work (FTL); (2) Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) for dependent variable number of weeks looking for work (NOW); and (3) Multiple Logistic Regression for dependent variables job search method, reason for not looking for work and last time to look for work. The results show that educational attainment and wage class of an individual procure a difference in the types of behaviors of individuals when looking for work, their job search method, their reason for not looking for work or the last time they looked for work. The conclusion supports the theory that individuals with less education are less likely to have looked for work within the past week and have looked for work for the first time. Individuals with higher education have sufficient resources to support themselves and look for jobs on their own terms. However, individuals with less education and less wage are motivated by an immediate need to support themselves or their family. The research ultimately calls for a change in the ideals of job search method in the Philippines. The results show that there are integral variables for employment in that it is not only skills, but the motivations of an individual that have an impact in looking for work, especially when looking into educational attainment and wage.