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Item Restricted Do worker benefit from competition? evidence from the Philippines in the years 2014 and 2015(2018-12) Ferrer, Jose Mari III L. ; Manlangit, Luis Alfonso F.This paper measures the effect of the level of competition on the real wages of employees across Philippine industries in the years 2014 to 2015. The initial hypothesis is that the lack of competition in Philippine industries could be a driving factor in the relative stagnation of real wages in the Philippines, compared to increasing labor productivity. With this, we hypothesize that the level of competition in an industry and the real wages of workers in said industry have a positive relationship. Data was gathered from the Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Industry (ASPBI), the Labor Force Survey (LFS) and the quarterly Consumer Price Index (CPI) reports, all taken from the website (for aggregate data) and data enclave (for firm-specific data) of the Philippine Statistics Authority. Three Heckman two-stage regression models were used to estimate the effects of said competition on labor productivity, with three different measures of industry competition used: the number of firms in an industry, the log of the inverse of the number of firms in an industry, and the four-firm concentration ratio per industry. The empirical results show that as competition in an industry increases, the real wages of employees increase, affirming the initial hypothesis.Item Restricted The effect of intimate partner violence(2015-05) Garrido, John Rafael A.; Huang, Bridget C.This paper seeks to determine how intimate partner violence (IPV) affects Filipino women's labor force participation and earning power to aid policy-makers in the improvement of (1) the 2004 Anti-Violence Against Women and their children Act (Anti-VA WC); and (2) female labor force participation, which contributes to national economic growth. Our tests on cross-sectional data from the 2008 Women's Survey Module reveal that IPV pushes a Filipino woman to participate in the labor force, albeit earning less than a woman who has not experienced IPV. These findings are consistent and robust across different econometric specifications - probit estimation, a two-stage treatment-effects model, and a Heckman selection model. In particular, a woman who experienced IPV in the past year is more likely to join the labor force by 6.9 percentage points than a woman who did not experience IPV in the same time period. A two-step Heckman selection model, which accounts for censored wage observations for nonparticipants in the labor force, shows that she also receives 8.1 percent less wage than her counterpart. Possible endogeneity in our models is addressed using a two-stage treatment-effects model and an instrument indicating whether a woman witnessed IPV as a child. Additional tests employing different measures of IPV pertaining to the typology, timing, and severity of violence return consistent results across all models. We recommend future study using more recent JPV data, which will allow policy-makers to track IPV trends in the Philippines since the passing of the 2004 Anti-VA WC Act.Item Restricted Heterogeneous effects of trade openness on wages in the Philippines: evidence from industry, area, and educational levels perspectives(2023-07-03) Ramas, River M.; Jandoc, Karl Robert L.Trade is a significant driver of economic growth and development, with far-reaching implications for wages and labor markets. However, empirical studies on the effects of trade openness on wages in the Philippines, particularly at the industry, area, and educational level, remain limited. This paper fills a research gap by examining the relationship between trade openness and wages in the Philippines. Following Perez-Silva & Krivonos (2021), this study explores the nuanced effects of trade openness on wages in the country. The findings reveal an overall positive association between trade openness and wages, with a 1% increase in trade openness corresponding to a 0.458% increase in wages, on average. However, the effects vary across industries, areas, and educational levels, highlighting the need for further research to understand the nuances of the trade-wage relationship in the Philippine context. The implications for policy formulation emphasize the importance of targeted interventions to address the diverse effects of trade on wages, promoting inclusive growth and providing support to workers impacted by trade dynamics.