Browsing by Author "Capuno, Joseph J."

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    A study of interregional trade in the Philippines (1978-1983)
    (1986-03) Capuno, Joseph J.; Guangko, Lucille M.
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    A study on the probability of on-time completion of primary school education in the Philippines
    (2012-04-02) Gabaldon, Stephanie T.; Joson, Camille Marie Therese I.; Capuno, Joseph J.
    Education plays an important role in the economic development of a country and its citizens. Externalities of education are plenty, especially those associated with primary education, which allows individuals to develop basic skills and knowledge that will enhance productivity. Although the need to invest in this aspect of human capital is widely recognized, factors exist that constrain the on-time completion of primary education. The aim of this study is to determine the socioeconomic and demographic factors that hinder the Filipino youth from completing primary education on time, so that policy measures may be taken to address the implications of this issue. Using the data provided in the 2008 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey, a logistic regression analysis revealed that child, parental, household, and location characteristics have significant effects on the on-time completion of primary education. The most influential factors found were (child gender and income per capita). These results are identical to similar global trends.
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    An economic analysis of fraternity membership on substance use
    (2012-04-02) Quirante, Cherie Anne R.; Trespeses, Marian Alysa M.; Capuno, Joseph J.
    While there are existing studies outside the Philippines on the influence of peers in adolescent substance use1 , none so far has determined the direction and extent to which membership in a particular peer group- that is, fraternity, sorority or gang2 - affects a Filipino youth's probability of engaging in smoking, drinking or drug use. This study will distinctly regard this peer group since anecdotal evidence of increased incidence of substance use at fraternity abounds. To estimate the magnitude of such peer effects, the researchers investigate the following problems: (1) Does an individual's fraternity membership increase the probability of substance use; or (2) Is it substance use that increases the probability of fraternity membership; or (3) Does a third factor exist which influence either of the two occurrences? Using biprobit analyses on 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality III Survey (YAPS) data, the findings reveal that peer effect outweighs the estimated results in (2) and (3). Specifically, peer effect is measured at 31.62% while the other two are only 7.78% and 3.25% respectively.
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    An eonometric analysis of the substitution effects of ethanol on the consumption of gasoline fuel in the Philippines
    (2013-03) Cantos, Jose Alfred B.; Capuno, Joseph J.
    The use of fuel ethanol has increased significantly in the Philippines especially since a law was implemented requiring a 10% blend to unleaded gasoline. Sugarcane and cassava have been the major inputs in its production. This study focused on the impacts of E10 on the price of gasoline and how this will offset gasoline price increase. Both gasoline and E10 are considered consumption substitutes. However, they are also production complements as gasoline is a major input in the production of E 10, 90% in fact. Using fixed-effect panel data model from second stage least squares estimation, the impact of ethanol use on retail regular gasoline prices is quantified. The analysis shows a positive relationship indicating that a 1 peso increase in the price of ethanol inputs to the production of El 0 increases the price of gasoline by 0.85 pesos per liter. This positive coefficient of the price of E10 is consistent with theory that the prices of substitutes move in the same direction. Hence, an increase in the price of E10 will drive E10 consumers to demand more gasoline instead which in turn will push up its own price.
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    An illustration of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: tree cover loss and gross regional domestic product in the Philippines, 2002-2017
    (2019-05) Geron, Ann Therese T. ; Villas, Justin Adrian B. ; Capuno, Joseph J.
    The issue of tree cover loss is one of the principal environmental concerns that the Philippines faces. Without a steadfast political and research body to determine the optimal levels of economic growth and environmental use, inefficiencies are created in society. Players on the side of the environment and players on the side of economic growth sacrifice one thing for the other, unaware of the consequences these impose on society. The trade-off affects citizens, industries, the economy, and ultimately the physical aspects of the country. To be able to determine these costs, the relationship between the two must be established. The question is then: How are environmental utilization and growth related? Specifically, what is the relationship between tree cover loss (TCL) and gross regional domestic product (GRDP) in the Philippines? This paper studied the two variables by checking for the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in the country. This hypothesizes that at low incomes, growth causes environmental degradation: at a certain high-level income, growth takes a decreasing toll on the environment. This relationship is illustrated by an inverted-U shape. A panel data analysis, accounting for random effects, was executed to determine the interconnection between TCL and GRDP, using regional data from 2002-2017. Regression results show that the EKC holds true for the Philippine setting, illustrating a positive relationship between TCL and GRDP over time, but is so at a decreasing rate.
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    By his word alone: the economic consequence of Rodrigo Duterte
    (2020-06) Balderas, Elain Brianne O.; Bernardo, Alyanna Maria Belen SD; Capuno, Joseph J.
    Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte has gained worldwide notoriety for his foul-mouthed demeanor, particularly for his threats directed towards the nation’s largest businesses and their powerful owners. Such pronouncements, which may be mistaken for shifts in government policy, may also inadvertently provoke the business sector to react negatively. Whether in fact President Duterte’s business-related pronouncements have had an appreciable effect on the Philippine Stock Exchange Index (PSEi) is the research question pursued in this study. To answer it, we apply an interrupted time series model on PSEi data for the period 30 June 2016 until 31 December 2019 to determine Duterte’s impact on stock prices under six different intervention scenarios. Specifically, we test different classifications of business pronouncements — initial business pronouncements, anti-oligarch statements, personal attacks, and combinations of the three. The results show that there exists a significant relationship between Duterte’s negative business-related pronouncements on the PSEi closing price, with the biggest changes reflected the first times he brought up a particular issue or addressed a certain personality. To supplement our findings, we also calculate the aggregate wealth losses for the period of 2018-2019, and estimate a total cost of Php 1M instantaneously for the five pronouncements we observed. After five days, these losses increased by 69.72% to Php 47M, then by 364.51% to Php 441M after ten days. We also find that, after a ten-day adjustment period, the losses accumulated in the Philippine stock market after Duterte’s pronouncements accumulate to 0.0027% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
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    Determinants of the duration of tax litigation: an empirical study of the Philippine court of tax appeals civil en banc cases from 2004 to 2016
    (2018-12) Licos, Fritz Kyle P. ; Capuno, Joseph J.
    This paper analyzes the determinants of the duration of tax litigation in the Philippine Court of Tax Appeals en banc by analyzing an original dataset of 1,336 civil cases. This study focuses mainly of case-level determinants. Using proportional hazard regression models, results show that the commissioning of an independent CPA in the appealed case, also known as the use of expert assessments, is found to be a significant factor affecting case duration. In addition to this case-level factor, this paper finds that the court’s organizational expansion in 2010 did not exhibit any significant effect in the disposition time of cases.
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    Determinants of utilization of Philhealth benefits
    (2012-04) Ortiz, Ma. Kristina P.; Ragos, Anton Miguel P.; Capuno, Joseph J.
    National health insurance provided by PhilHealth remains to be the most comprehensive health insurance in the country today. Nevertheless, the program is challenged by issues including its low benefit delivery-particularly among the poor-as resulted from the members' lacl<: of awareness and responsiveness to the program. This study aims to identify the factors that affect the member's utilization of PhilHealth benefit. Using logit regression, our results show that length of stay, type of facility, and type of . PhilHealth membership (along with several household and regional characteristics) affect the member's likelihood of claiming. Implications of our study suggest that increasing the PhilHealth coverage among the poor would not necessarily increase the benefit delivery among such sector.
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    Do people vote to settle differences? social diversity and electoral participation and competition in the Philippines
    (2016-12) Morada, Anna Patricia L.; Rivera, Leo Albert N.; Capuno, Joseph J.
    Literature on public choice seeks to determine what makes people vote. By establishing that voters are rational and elections are multi-dimensional, we argue that social cleavages and differences in individual characteristics influence voter turnout and electoral competition. We explore how several social diversity factors (demo-graphical differences) influence electoral participation and electoral competition in the Philippines. By treating the current data as pooled cross-sectional and panel, we estimate voter turnout and vote shares of winning candidates across the different provinces in the Philippines for the years 2001 and 2010, and we find that, together, different social diversity measures have varying significant effects to electoral outcomes, although no consistency is observed.
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    Dynamic response of professional labor supply to global demand shocks: the case of Filipino nurses
    (2013-04) Punongbayan, Jan Carlo B.; Capuno, Joseph J.
    This paper investigates the response of the domestic supply of nurses to changes in global demand using a dynamic labor market model. We focus on the effect of exogenous foreign demand shifts on local supply, seeing that this captures the export-oriented nature of the local nursing market. In particular, we take nurse deployments to the US and UK as our demand shifter, owing to the huge supply response borne by deployments to these countries at the turn of the century. By estimating supply-demand equations and deriving overall market dynamics, we find that a sudden increase in deployment abroad generates a considerable supply response that does not dissipate and return to equilibrium until several periods after the onset of the initial shock. Our findings also suggest that a backward-looking model of the structural supply equation is able to capture the local nursing market's cyclical response to exogenous demand shocks, and entrants into the nursing labor market rely largely on past market conditions to inform their current decisions. To our mind this builds a strong case for the public provision of labor market forecasts to provide occupational guidance to prospective nursing entrants and minimize the occurrence of cycles and imbalances in the market's supply and demand.
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    Effect of the perception of electoral manipulation on voter participation
    (2020-05) Deleña, Juan Antonio N.; Tablante, Heather Lian G.; Capuno, Joseph J.
    Voting is an essential part of every election for democratic countries. However, an ever-pervasive issue concerning elections in the Philippines is electoral manipulation. In this study, we examine the Filipino’s perception on voter manipulation and likelihood to vote. By utilizing the May 2016 Official Pre-Election Survey of the Social Weather Station with a sample size of 4,500 Filipinos nationwide, we focus on the effect of demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, voting records, and perception of electoral manipulation on voter participation. This research is conducted by a probit model, bivariate probit model, and a recursive bi-probit model. With these models, we assess the effect of manipulation and education on the likelihood to vote. In addition to that, we will also assess the joint probability of voting and perception of manipulation and the likelihood of voting conditional to the presence of manipulation. The results of the study show that the perception of electoral manipulation does partially encourage an individual to vote. Moreover, education presents a notable positive effect on voting and perception of electoral manipulation. By conducting this study, the researchers show the importance of education to a present-day voter as it increases one’s likelihood to vote and strengthens one’s sense of citizenship.
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    Effects of knowledge of the recipient's identity and innate personality traits of the giver in trust and reciprocity games: A behavioral experiment of undergraduate students of the University of the Philippines School of Economics
    (2018) Amante, Charlotte May DC. ; Daro, Arlene B. ; Capuno, Joseph J.
    The trust phenomenon is at the core of the social bond. It is often used as a common explanatory feature of the success of collective action. To measure trust in between individuals, a behavioral game called Trust Game is commonly utilized. In this game, the predicted Nash Equilibrium outcome is that people trust strangers less. Wanting to look at other possible factors affecting one’s propensity to trust others, we incorporated economics with psychology. We considered the socioeconomic factors and innate characteristics such as personality traits to determine the levels and drivers of trust in a micro-level setting. Furthermore, we analyzed whether knowledge of the partner’s identity, reciprocity, and the big five personality traits (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) influenced the trust level of a person. In this study, a 50- item psychometric questionnaire, 17-item general trust and reciprocity module, and 2 trust games with 4 rounds each were conducted on 60 undergraduate students of University of the Philippines School of Economics. Multivariate regression analyses were used to examine the gathered data from the participants. Findings revealed that an individual’s propensity to trust is positively affected by his knowledge of his partner’s identity. Moreover, expectations to be reciprocated by the other person is significantly affected by levels of various personality traits.
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    Empowering households: decomposing energy inequality in the Philippines
    (2019-05) Nemenzo, Julio Anton Mulawin, R. ; Nulud, Katreena Yazmin, C. ; Capuno, Joseph J.
    Energy is a fundamental part of society and having access to electricity lead to beneficial development outcomes. Using data gathered from 20,591 households from the 2011 Household Energy Consumption Survey prepared by the Philippine Statistics Authority, we examined the presence of inequality in the electricity sector, using the concentration index, an index for measuring welfare services, for measuring electricity inequality. Using this index, this paper aims to see the presence of inequality in the country and to be able to compare the varying levels of inequality in electricity access of households in different regions. Furthermore, this paper decomposes the inequality based on different socioeconomic characteristics such as the highest educational level attained by the household head and their income level. This study found out that there is inequality in all regions, however, regions such as NCR, Region III, and Region I have less inequality than regions such as ARMM, Region IV-B, Region IX. The different socioeconomic variables also indicate other trends of electrical inequality. One of the findings of the decomposition analysis was that being part of the poorest households contributes 49% to the overall inequality. Connected to this, education levels of household head contribute to the overall inequality as household heads with college degrees or higher has a 41% contribution. In line with these findings, this paper proposes policies which could help improve the education of household heads and electrification programs targeted in regions will more inequality.
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    Establishing the link between urban residence and cohabitation in the Philippines
    (2016) Consing, Rafael Martin III M. ; Que, Micaela Sofia Benedict Z. ; Capuno, Joseph J.
    Does residing in an urban area encourage young women to move in with their premarital romantic partners in the Philippines? Using a propensity score matching model on a sample from the 2013 National Demographic Health Survey, we find that urban residence increases by 8.6 percentage points the incidence of cohabitation among young women. The same result is obtained using probit two- stage least squares and bivariate probit. This finding has policy implications, in particular the need to examine anew the current system of family laws and policies to account for “emerging” non-traditional family types and union formation in response to an increasingly urbanized Philippines.
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    Evaluating the economic costs of martial law in the Philippines: a synthetic control method approach
    (2016-12) Griño, Ma. Cielo Amor C. ; Teh, Lemuel D. ; Capuno, Joseph J.
    This research paper aims to determine whether the imposition of Martial Law in the Philippines for the period 1972 to 1981 had an adverse effect on the levels of GDP income per capita. We compared the economic performance of the Philippines with a “counterfactual” Philippines, i.e. a Philippines that has not experienced Martial Law using synthetic control method on a group of countries to create a synthetic Philippines. It utilizes their respective country-level panel data of determinants involving the investment flow, human capital index, population density, and shares of agriculture, industry, services, and manufacturing in the GDP. The models we used involved limiting the list of countries to (1) colonized countries, (2) colonized oil-importing countries, and (3) colonized oil-importing countries with secessionist conflicts. We were able to determine that the income GDP per capita of the counterfactual is consistently underperforming, relative to that of the actual Philippines; an average of the annual differences amounts to $505.19 (in 2011 US dollars) over the Martial Law period. Such a large gap between the two figures can be attributed to the pump-priming of the Philippine economy during the period through the hastening of infrastructure spending and rapid export-oriented industrialization of the country, among others.
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    For better or for worse: an economic analysis of the decision to marry of young Filipino adults
    (2006-03) Dacera, Kathleen W.; Capuno, Joseph J.
    The probability of early marriage (legally or informally, i.e., engagement in living-in arrangements) for young Filipino adults (15 to 24) was analyzed with respect to their work experience, educational attainment, wealth, type of residence, religion while controlling for other factors. Using data from the Young Adults Fertility Survey of 2003, a logit regression model was used to assess which factors will significantly affect this decision and which can be subjected to policy manipulation for the abbreviation of the ill consequences of early marriages. The findings show that, among other factors, a higher education, wealth, and an urban type of residence will contribute to the delay of marriage. It is also found that, generally, young males will marry later than young females. However, the proliferation and accessibility of modem medical technology such as birth control pills, condom, etc. will raise the likelihood of getting married early. On the other hand, the effect of religion to the decision to marry early is ambiguous and depends on the kind of religion one is adhering to.
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    Health for all: a policy simulation for the financial sustainability of the universal health care act in the Philippines
    (2019-05) Dy, Sheena Mae V. ; Gando, Angela Christine E. ; Capuno, Joseph J.
    Reality shows us that many families still suffer from severe health expenditures that pushes them towards poverty. Thus, the World Health Organization and the United Nations have been encouraging countries to adopt a Universal Health Care (UHC) system, in which quality health becomes accessible without creating financial risk and harm for the person. Many countries have been transitioning to the said health policy that provides health services to all citizens of a country. Finally, last February 20, 2019, after years of evolving health policies, President Rodrigo Duterte signed the Republic Act 11223 or the Universal Health Care Act into law. However, the UHC is a huge undertaking for developing countries such as the Philippines. With the expansion of the population coverage of the Philippine health care system and the shift to a more preventive approach, several changes have to be made. This means incurring more costs and changing priorities, as most policies imply. The question of whether UHC in the Philippines, at its current state, is financially sustainable begs to be answered. Thus, this paper aims to use the Philippine National Health Accounts (PNHA) framework as the constraint to ensure financial sustainability while projecting the funds sourced and used to transition to a UHC system. In addition, this paper also provides policy recommendations to guide the implementing rules and regulation (IRR) of the law.
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    Health inequality aversion, e-learning interventions, and personality tests: an experimental study
    (2019-05-19) Ortiz, Gabrielle Jahn A. ; Bulacan, Hanna Charisse B. ; Capuno, Joseph J.
    This paper looks into health inequality aversion and aims to determine whether personality factors, personal characteristics, and e-learning interventions may influence an individual’s level of such aversion. To perform this research, we conducted a classroom experiment attended by 99 students from the University of the Philippines (UP)-Diliman who have taken at least three units of economic course as of the first semester of A.Y. 2018-2019. The participants were asked to choose between two hypothetical health programs that affect the life expectancy of two contrasting groups. We utilized e-learning interventions in order to test whether there is strong evidence to suggest that those interventions can correct or help mitigate inequality aversion. The data collection mode and experimental framework is adapted from Cookson et. al.’s [2018] study in the University of York, UK. Using ordered probit regression and non-parametric tests of significance, we were able to show that participants are generally inequality averse, but the e-learning interventions used in the experiment were able to influence the respondents’ views on health justice, thus, influencing the level of their inequality aversion. Further, the results also show that the personality traits of agreeableness and conscientiousness have substantial effects on one’s perception of health justice.
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    ICTs and student achievement: assessing the effects of computer use on 6th grade learning in public schools
    (2010-10) Alcantara, Marie Catherine S.; Lazo, Kimberly Camille G.; Capuno, Joseph J.
    Previous studies have indicated that the Philippines is ready for integration of technology in school curriculums, but there has not been any standard evaluation of whether students do benefit , from them. This study aims to determine whether a specific form of Information and Communications Technology (ICTs) can have an actual effect on learning. This study ultimately suggests that the presence and proper use of computers, that of which specific programs are integrated in public school curriculums, have a positive effect on student learning, as measured by the average National Achievement Test (NAT) scores of public elementary schools in the National Capital Region. Data consists of a two-year panel of eleven variables with 956 observations, with information taken from phone interviews with 478 public schools, the Basic Education Inputs Survey and NAT scores acquired from the Department of Education, and the 2007 Census. Using panel analytic regression models, results show that indeed, the integration of computers in education plays a significant role in increasing overall academic performance, as indicated by the causal relationship between the presence of and constant use of computers and NAT scores of 6th grade public school students. Multiple regressions were employed in testing for the relationship of dependent and independent variables (ICTs, school inputs and community-level inputs), and only the ICT variable had a consistent, significant role on affecting achievement test scores.