Browsing by Author "Kraft, Aleli D."
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Item Restricted A correlational study of the number of TESDA accredited TVET providers in a region on the number of TVET enrollees(2013-03) Bongco, Trixia P.; Ditablan, Ronald DC.; Kraft, Aleli D.Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) has been continuously gaining much relevance as an approach to sustaining economic growth and increasing global competitiveness of the country's labor force. Thus, this study gaged on determining the significance of the number of TESDA-accredited TVET providers or TVIs in a region on the number of TVET enrollees to examine the relationship between the latter and the demand for TVET. With this, the paper presents a hypothesis that the number of available TVI positively affects the number of TVET enrollees within that region. Panel data method is applied to determine the impact, alongside other regional factors like financial aid grants and regional population. Results from the random-effects models suggest that the quantity of TVIs in a region is indeed significant and the breakdown furthers to the outcome that private TVIs have more impact on the demand.Item Restricted A financial analysis of the Uaniversity of the Philippines- Diliman athletic program(2013-04) Morales, Jose Fernando S.; Tagnipez, Christian Kelvin V.; Kraft, Aleli D.It is well known that collegiate sports can be big business, especially in the Philippine case of men's basketball and more recently women's volleyball. It is not uncommon for Philippine universities to spend great amounts of money on their basketball programs. From related literature based on US collegiate sports in their NCAA, big-time athletic programs were known to bring in huge profits and donations, while some were said to run at a net loss. This paper aims to provide an analysis on the financial status of the University of the Philippines Diliman's varsity athletic program and its externalities on the University in the case of enrolment. An accounting analysis of marginal costs and revenues was done to reflect the true economic costs and benefits derived from the varsity program. The estimated the impact of athletics was then derived using the general standing and men's basketball standing of UP Diliman in the University Athletic Association Philippines (UAAP) on University-wide freshman enrolment through an ARIMA model. The accounting analysis indicated that UPD's varsity athletic program had a loss ofPHP 294,553.85 and a budget deficit ofPHP 4,952,917.29 forAY 2011- 2012. However, when enrollment impacts of University athletics are taken into consideration, it seems that the University's varsity athletic program is a positive contributor to University revenues. It was also found that UPD's varsity athletic program, although supposedly state subsidized, is largely dependent on non-state allocated funds, such as private or alumni donations, commercial sponsorships, and political entities.Item Restricted A theoretical and empirical analysis on the relationship between payment schemes and physician quality(2014-05) Calub, Renz Adrian T.; Kraft, Aleli D.Physicians are expected to provide the best health care to their patients; however, it cannot be discounted that their practice is driven primarily by incentives. Empirical and theoretical studies have elaborated on the impact of payment schemes on physician output but have limited discussions on quality of services. In this paper, we reinvestigate such relationship by constructing a theoretical model of the relationship between compensation schemes and quality of services and testing such using a special physician test to gauge quality. Given that physicians can endogenously choose their payment scheme, we conduct multiple treatment effects regression to measure the impact of selecting among fixed payment, fee-for-service, and mixed payment on vignette scores and the standard deviation from a given benchmark while accounting for a facility factor that induces such selection. Results show that after accounting for the selection of the payment scheme, FFS and mixed payment yield higher scores than fixed payment, indicating that physicians are still below the best level of quality and that incentives to improve are still present. The results on mixed payment also highlight the potential of Philhealth as a fee-for-service component to motivate quality of care.Item Restricted An analysis of the effects of remittances on public education expenditure(2012-10) Baria, Steven B.; Guingguing, Ronn Patrick L.; Kraft, Aleli D.Two factors set the stage for this research: the upward trend of migration and remittances globally especially in the Philippines and the importance of government expenditure on education. It aims to find out the regional relationship and the direction of the effect of remittances on government appropriation to education. It also intends to analyze if the perceived effect of remittances on basic education expenditure is different from that of tertiary education, or vice-versa. A simple theoretical model where government intervention is motivated by the presence of credit constraints is employed. It presents two countervailing effects. First, an increase in remittances relaxes private liquidity constraints, leading to a shift from public to private spending. On the other hand, households might tend to send their children to school than to the labor market because of these remittances and thus an increase in the demand for educational services. From this framework, an inverted U-relationship between remittances and public education expenditure is expected. GMM estimation is employed. Results show that the inverted U-relationship is exhibited best in the utilization of basic education expenditure as the dependent variable. Using tertiary education expenditure exhibits the direct opposite relationship, while in the aggregate level the relationship becomes insignificant.Item Restricted An analysis of the relationship of the comprehensive agrarian reform program on the school attendance of children(2012-10) Malit, Ryan Anthony S.; Mata, Danielle Ann G.; Kraft, Aleli D.Land reform has been one of the key agenda of the Philippines to reduce poverty and encourage the accumulation of human capital investments. One of the most important human capital investments is education that has been known to play a vital role in a country's socio-economic growth and development. This paper aims to examine the relationship of land reform to education, particularly to the school attendance of the beneficiaries' children. The researchers used a probit regression to determine whether the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program is correlated with the school attendance of children. The study utilized information concerning children aged 6 to 17 years old, derived from the Annual Poverty Indicator Survey of 2010. Results show that land reform increases the school attendance of children by 5 percent. This finding substantiates the literature that land reform indeed has a lot of beneficial impacts on poverty reduction and income inequality reduction, and more importantly on human-capital accumulation.Item Restricted An analysis of the trends and determinants of Philippine household income volatility(2013-04) Marayag, Marvin Joseph A.; Poco, Louisa Camille R.; Kraft, Aleli D.This paper aims to investigate the trends and determinants of household income volatility in the Philippines, incorporating the study of Dynan, Elmendorf and Sichel (2012). Using the Famil Income Expenditure Survey (FIES) as the primary source of data, this research paper computes for income volatility using the dispersion of year-to-year income changes for the years 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009. The construction of pseudo-panel data for age cohorts is also applied, following the work of Mapa and Bersales (2008). Synthetic cohort analysis allows us to perform a regression analysis to estimate the effects of explanatory variables such as household head gender, marital status, occupational status, detailed groupings of income sources, educational attainment. region and age on income volatility. We find that income volatility is greatly affected by the household head's age, which posts significant results for all years included. In addition, educational attainment and occupational status are major factors that contribute to volatility of income of the household heads. We conclude that the trends within the last 3 FIES are almost similar, exposing the elderly to greater risk of having volatile incomes relative to those who are still in the labor force.Item Restricted Are those vulnerable to food insecurity in the future also not resilient? An analysis of Philippine households using feasible generalized least squares and structural equation modeling(2017-01) Flores, Josette James G. ; Painagan, Angelica D. ; Kraft, Aleli D.This paper presents its primary contribution of exploring the untapped possibility of integrating the analyses of vulnerability and of resilience to derive preliminary insights about the dynamics between the two concepts. This Vulnerability-Resilience Continuum (V.R.C.) process was applied in the context of future food insecurity using APIS 2014. Nevertheless, it should be noted that it was undertaken following a rigorous application where separate analyses of the two concepts were done. That is, this paper is structured in three vital parts—with the first two serving as the foundations for the main and final one. The results contradicted the popular “flip-side hypothesis” that considers the two concepts as completely opposite of each other. To expound, the technique further disaggregated the sample households into vulnerable and resilient, vulnerable and non- resilient, non-vulnerable and resilient, and non-vulnerable and non-resilient. By capturing the strong and/or weak points of vulnerable (and non-vulnerable) households using resilience structuring, policymakers will have the capacity to design more direct targeting policies and to strategize more efficient program execution to better induce welfare gains. It was found out that both the first category and the second category exhibit the highest adaptive capacity mainly due to reliance on government assistance and a diversified basket of income sources, although the latter has substantially lower average values relative to the former. Hence, vulnerable households, taken as a whole, have common grounds in terms of very high adaptive capacity. Meanwhile, those under the third group have the greatest number of asset ownership and the highest average total income. Interestingly, the fourth group stresses similar trends in the resilience pillars as that of the second group, thereby, leading to a crucial finding that non-resilient households, in general, have the lowest asset accumulation and the least access to basic services. To add, this study specified some non-reversible household demographics (i.e. age, marital status, and family size) that may distinguish one category from another. Policymakers will then have a further in devising specialized programs should distinct needs arise.Item Restricted Does money buy happiness in the Philippines? an evaluation of the effect of income on subjective well-being(2011-04) Fruto, Blanca Kris G.; Malihan, Ma. Agnes Isabelle M.; Kraft, Aleli D.This paper aims to determine whether the common notion that money affects happiness; holds true Filipinos. It It also takes into account the other factors and processes involved in evaluating Using well-being. Using Social Weather Survey Weather Survey of 2003, the researchers perform ordered logit regression and Findings change analyses. Findings reveal that the Filipino of factors affecting Filipino subjective well-being is similar to However, other of other countries'. However, other determinants prove to Philippine not In in the Philippine context. In this study, household income establishes a Other and positive correlation to well-being. Other variables in the domains of personality, demographic, political-institutional, geographic factors Living social relationships also tend to be significant. Living in NCR and having On number of children produce negative effects on happiness. On the other hand, being married, optimistic Filipino registered voter seem to positively affect the level of Filipino subjective well-being.Item Restricted Does public insurance coverage affect treatment-seeking behavior of Filipinos? the impact of Philhealth insurance on choice of in-patient halth care facility(2011-04) Li, Kathleen Haw; Limgenco, Jeanne Rachel T.; Kraft, Aleli D.As mandated by the law, the Philippines must have achieved universal insurance for its citizens by Although Although it still has not succeeded, it is critical to study to the effects of the social PhiiHealth, insurance, PhiiHealth, on the treatment-seeking Filipinos of Filipinos to better be able to focus the government's efforts in With the lives. With this as the main motivation, the study used National Demographic the Health Survey National Demographic and Health The Heckman-Probit estimating the results. The Heckman-Probit model was implemented, primarily having a selection This to eradicate the non-response bias. This answers the question of whether or not a PhiiHealth insurance will have himself confined given Follows PhiiHealth insurance coverage and his health status. Follows is the probit The which involves those who agree to inpatient healthcare. The main question of this thesis is answered, which is the type of healthcare facility Phil Health to be The in, given the type of their Phil Health insurance coverage. The results have shown that those who are covered Among the said insurance are more likely to avail of inpatient healthcare. Among those who are confined, the paying members This their dependents are the ones who prefer private health facilities over public counterparts. This is in line Those the findings of previous studies regarding the presence of moral hazard in the industry. Those who pay premium for their insurance tend to use and take advantage their benefits more than those who are indigent members.Item Restricted Effects of contract-related incentives on professional athletes' performance(2012-03) Leongson, Kristine Joyce P.; Kraft, Aleli D.This study examines the effects of contract-related incentives on the performance of professional basketball players in the Philippine Basketball Association. Earlier studies in the international sporting leagues like the National Basketball Association prove the existence of the contract year phenomenon, a trend wherein the athlete performs at a high level prior to signing a new contract in order to be offered a higher valued contract. The basis of signing a new contract with higher financial incentive will be the athlete's observable performance. It is shown from the analysis of the data that the athlete will likely perform better in order to obtain better financial incentives and better contract value. Results show that contract year phenomenon in exists in the PBA and contract year performance do affect the contractual arrangements such as the contract value. This shows that information asymmetry is a big problem in the sporting world where the agent can easily manipulate his behavior into the principal's disadvantage.Item Restricted Facebook and academic performance(2011-04) Chua, Lorraine Gail C.; Peralta, Elton John N.; Kraft, Aleli D.The topic at hand is a considerably new venture in the academic sphere, although the underlying concept has already been the crux of numerous studies on education, academic performance and the determinants thereof-that a student's performance in school m~ be affected by an array of factors. A Logit estimate of the probability of a student getting General Weighted Averages (GWAs) of at least 1. 75, where a student becomes entitled to being a College Scholar or University Scholar, or otherwise, given their optimal Facebook usage, while controlling for other factors deemed significant, was utilized in carrying out this research: This study sampled 368 University of the Philippines, Diliman undergraduate students in order to identify the possible correlation between Facebook usage and academic performance under the principles of utility maximization with the student facing an allocation constraint between exerting effort in the achievement of good grades and spending time on other activities such as, what many would term, FB. The results showed Facebook usage to be insignificant in determining the probability of a student to get a GWA of at least 1. 75.Item Restricted Factors affecting investment climate and its effects on productivity: Philippine case(2012-10) Clemente, Vicente Lorenzo C.; Kraft, Aleli D.This paper aims to explore the different factors that affect investment climate in the Philippine setting. In particular, the objective of the study is to assess which factors affected productivity and economic growth. further, the study aimed to assess the impact of infrastructure development on investment climate and understand its implications towards economic development of the country from 2003 to 2009. Factors evaluated in this study are grouped into two components of investment climate: governance and infrastructure. Using OLS regression, the study showed that high school participation was a primary mover in the improvement of investment climate during the extent of the study. Also, electricity prices and telephony were vital factors in characterizing location-specific investment climate that coincided with the boom of the business processes outsourcing industry in the country.Item Restricted International technology diffusion and the dynamics of trade liberalization(2013-04) Benavidez, Von Camille; Nieva, Josefa Mina; Kraft, Aleli D.This paper attempts to analyze the relations between trade and technology diffusion in the manufacturing sector in the Philippines. Since the 1980s, the Philippines has adapted market transformations which reared open-market activities with foreign entities in the international stage. The existing literature pertaining to trade liberalization suggests that the trade reforms the Philippines has acclimatized to, in general, incubated economic growth. However, this targets to extend the study on the matter and highlight other potential benefits from trade integration aside from increase in competition and improvement in productive capacity. With the reduction in import taxes and abolition of trade barriers, mobility of factors of production becomes more and more fluid between and across countries. Aside from the usual exchange of products and other tangibles through market transactions, the easing of permeability also allowed for externalities such as knowledge spillovers to cross the threshold. This paper focuses particularly in the manufacturing sector of the Philippines since it accounts for a substantial portion of the technical and scientific information collection of our country. Technology gap in this paper is contrasted with Singapore. Through OLS and Instrumental Variable Estimation, this paper intend to measure the effects of trade liberalization to international technology diffusion-- to what extent does an increase or decrease in trade barriers (import tariffs, for instance) affect the transfer of technological knowledge from a foreign country to a local country? Results of the regression analysis reveal evidences which support the narrowing effect of trade integration to technology gap though the channels of technology diffusion.Item Restricted Intra-household food allocation in the Philippines using a national food consumption data(2015-01) Javier, Charina A.; Kraft, Aleli D.This study looked into the factors that determine the intra-household food allocation among Filipinos and its implications on the nutritional status of household members especially women and young children. It adopted the cooperative collective model of the household where different decision makers are allowed to have different preferences, and do not require a unique household welfare index to be interpreted as a utility function. Data from the 7th National Nutrition Survey of the Philippines in 2008 was used in analyzing the factors that affect individual food intake, shares in food intake, energy and protein adequacies and inequality of adequacies within the household. Panel data estimation method was used to account for unobserved household characteristics that affect preferences. The results showed that in terms of efficiency, those who contribute more, specifically those who are employed, males, and the household head, get more total food and have higher shares of food as well as higher probabilities of being energy and protein adequate than other members of the household. The physiologic requirements of pregnant and lactating women and preschool children in the household seem to be ignored in allocating food, as shown in their shares of food and energy and protein adequacies. While many programs focus on these physiologic groups, their food allocation in the household, and eventually their energy and protein adequacies, seem to be overlooked. Thus, there is a need to review the programs that target the household of pregnant and lactating women and preschool children, and consider the possible trade-offs within the household.Item Restricted Modeling higher education participation in the Philippines(2012-10) Ko, Rona Niña D.; Vicente, Al Constantin; Kraft, Aleli D.This paper aims to identify and evaluate the characteristics of a college-age household member that would result in their household's decision to send them to college. Using the 2010 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS), we performed logit regression analysis to estimate the coefficients of the variables and their corresponding marginal effects. We find that the characteristic with the greatest influence on the household's decision is the educational attainment of the household head followed closely by the household income. The greatest deterrents are if the individual is married and if the individual is male. Important policy implications concern improving access of tertiary education for the poor, as well as actions the government may undertake in order to mitigate the factors that greatly negatively affect tertiary education participation, while focusing its efforts on factors that strongly positively influence tertiary education participation.Item Restricted Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program and labor supply: implication on benefeciary household heads' labor force participation(2011-04) Peralta, Rhegine Taruc; Velasquez, Astrid Mae Bombais; Kraft, Aleli D.The paper explores the country's leading poverty reduction scheme, Pantawid Pamilyang Filipino Program, Program, and its potential unintended consequences with particular emphasis on the labor Data effects. Data Annual Poverty Indicator Survey Indicator Survey conducted in 2007 is employed to empirically test the existence of worker disincentive effects resulting from Using conditional cash grants. Using logistic regression to estimate the program's effect on beneficiary household heads' binary decision of working or not, the paper finds that: a) the amount of the transfer is not too substantial to impinge on the participation of the household head in the labor market, as revealed by the insignificant magnitude of the income effect; b) the final impact on the head's work decision depends so much more on the price effect of conditionality and the corresponding association among the labor of Given members, particularly between the child and the household head. Given this, 4Ps appears that the greater part of the impact of 4Ps on head's labor participation channels through the effect of conditionality, rather than the effect of the cash grants.Item Restricted Philippine consumption dynamics: an empirical study of the life-cycle profiles of household consumption and its broad components(2013-03) Juani, Angeli Grace; Alipio, Ma. Hannah Lara; Kraft, Aleli D.This paper examines the validity of the life-cycle hypothesis in the Philippine context primarily through a decomposition analysis of the age and cohort effects on consumption and its broad components. To control for the changes in household composition, it likewise employs the use of square root equivalence scale. Although hardly conclusive, findings reject many predictions of the basic life-cycle hypothesis and yet at the same time show sparse traces of patterns adhering to the said hypothesis. From these findings, the paper therefore questions the altogether rejection of the life-cycle hypothesis on the basis of Keynesian conjecture that consumption simply tracks income in the country. Henceforth the study calls for more robust research work on the topic, suggesting the use of conditioning variables and alternative equivalence scales in the analysis to account for the demographic effects. With regard to government policies, this study asserts that temporary income taxes might not be effective in stimulating or reducing demand in the economy. Steps to ease liquidity constraints and to encourage better handling of expenditures and savings must likewise be considered to be put into action.Item Restricted Ranks and scores: measuring relative socio-economic vulnerability in the Philippines(2011-04) Garen, Gabrielle Dominique A.; Kraft, Aleli D.The concept of vulnerability is contentious, and its methods of measurement are many. This paper adapts 'hazards-of-place' 'hazards-of-place' approach developed Cutter Cutter (1996) in determining This vulnerability. This approach presupposes that vulnerability is a product of social However, biophysical vulnerabilities. However, we examine only socio- economic The in this study. The integration with biophysical vulnerability Although left for future research. Although in economics, the household is the common unit of analysis, the scale employed here is larger, at the regional sub-national scale, thus taking into account the characteristics Using a place that contribute to vulnerability. Using principal components analysis, this paper Philippines, to quantify the relative socio-economic vulnerability of the Philippines, For assigning scores that measure each administrative region's socio-economic vulnerability. For policy purposes, the relative vulnerabilities found here can be used to guide targeted intervention of the most vulnerable locations.Item Restricted Re-estimating the Philippine social discount rate: implications and policy recommendations(2011-04) Manzano, Arnold R.; Osorio, Erwin D.; Kraft, Aleli D.The social discount rate (SDR) is used to discount the future cash flows of public investment For For Philippines, Philippines, it is pegged at 15% since 1980s 1980s and this value is deemed to be outdated and overstated as Thus, present. Thus, the aim of this study is to re- estimate the SDR which is measured as the weighted average of the returns to domestic investment, cost of postponed consumption, and marginal cost of foreign borrowings to account for the distortions in This sources of public funds. This study estimates yearly social discount rates ranging from approximately 6%-10% and social discount rates generally These from 7%-8% using a sensitivity analysis. These results show that there is a possible overstatement in the social discount rate presently used in project evaluation practices in the country which could result in forgone benefits of potential projects Given to the inaccuracy in the valuation Philippines future returns. Given this, the SDR currently employed in the Philippines should be re-evaluated to see if it reflects the real Philippines. cost of capital to improve the project evaluation practices in the Philippines.Item Restricted Recent peso appreciation: effect of a strong Philippine economy or of a faltering United Dtate(2011-04) Santiano, Patrick Gerard Noel R.; Kraft, Aleli D.Exchange rate determination has been the topic of recent economic study in light of the recent financial The The last crisis the world has experienced was mainly due to the failure of US household markets and the banks that went bankrupt as the market Asian although some Asian Philippines including the Philippines have not During affected much. During the start PhP the crisis, the PhP - USD exchange rate was seen in a decreasing trend after reaching PhP56 highest value This around PhP56 to USD1. This paper PhP on USD exchange determines the PhP - USD This rate here in the country. This paper would seek to answer why was there an decrease of the exchange rates, and finally this paper would seek to answer what were the net effects that Philippines crises brought about - was it the Philippines and Peso, strong remittances that brought the appreciation of the Peso, or was it due Dollar. This the weakening of the US economy and its Dollar. This paper would use VECM analysis that would see how much of the economic variables, as well as the crises, actually affect the exchange rate.