The double burden of occupational and sectoral segregation: analyzing wage penalties and gender disparities in the Philippine Labor
Date
2026-06-05
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Abstract
"The study investigates the ""double burden"" issue of gender wage discrimination in the Philippine labor market based on the estimation of a baseline penalty faced by women throughout the labor force (the first burden) and if this penalty compounds within environments that are male-dominated (the second burden). Utilizing cross-sectional data from 37,126 wage-earners in the October 2024 Philippine Labor Force Survey, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions are estimated across four empirical specifications within an extended Mincer earnings framework. The study employs the Categorical Quartile Threshold Model across 4-digit codes to separate continuous from discrete segregation thresholds within individual occupations (PSOC) and individual industries (PSIC). The empirical results reveal a first burden of unadjusted baseline wage penalty of 13.2% prior to controlling for occupational and sectoral composition, while the second burden is present at the occupational-level and is more spread out across different industries. Ultimately, the paper establishes that over half of the aggregate gender gap is driven directly by occupational sorting and recommends that labor policies consider the gender composition of occupations and industries."
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Keywords
Double Burden, Sex, Segregation, Labor Market, Philippines, Occupations, Sectors, Human Capital Theory, Mincer Earnings Function