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Item Restricted The impact of gender inequality in the labor force on the economic growth of each region in the Philippines(2015-06) Digay, Robert Boz; Saulo, Christopher Miguel; Pajaron, Marjorie C.This paper examines the impact of the gender inequality in the labor force participation rate to the economic growth of each region in the Philippines from 2002- 2013. Backed up by neoclassical growth theory that accumulating assets including human capital can lead to economic growth, restricting the women an access to labor force and in education as well, reduces the amount of available talent or capital that the economy can use, which may impede economic growth. Using panel data, we used simple OLS regression to see the effect of labor force participation gap and wage gap to economic growth measured by gross regional domestic product and regional tax revenue collection. We further improved the model by controlling for fixed and random effects. GRDP and Tax revenue collection per region decreases by 0.21 and 0.9 percentage points respectively for every 1% increase in labor force gap. Wage gap has a weaker impact on economic growth compared to labor force gap. Using 2SLS, we also find out that education gap in the primary level is a weak instrument for labor force participation gap and wage gap. We then dissected the labor force gap into nine sectors and observe its effect on economic growth.Item Restricted The effects of income versus parental valuation on Philippine household spending on education(2014-04-04) Abad, Katrina B.; Alvarez, Julian Thomas B.; Solon, Orville Jose C.Household spending on education becomes increasingly significant as out-of-pocket financing for education becomes inevitable. With limited public resources to finance the expansion of public education, examining household spending for education gains more importance. This study aims to examine household financing for schooling by comparing income and parental valuation effects on Philippine household spending on education. Using 2011 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey, Heckman selection model suggests these findings: (1) education spending at household level generally increases with family income and parental valuation, (2) marginal household spending on education significantly varies across income groups and across levels of parental valuation, and (3) on average, income effect dominates parental valuation effect in household's decision to invest on education. However, magnitude of income and parental valuation effects varies for different estimate groups involved in the decomposition analysis. Using household spending for schooling as an alternative indicator for demand-side financing, results of the study pinpoint specific households that should be given high priority for government's assistance programs. Moreover, findings allow policy-makers to evaluate the impacts of financial incentives and social marketing strategies targeted to stimulate more household spending on education.Item Restricted Does education contribute? a micro and macroeconomics analysis of education's role in Philippine society(2014-12) Calzado, Anne Valerie L,; Dacanay, Allan Christopher D.; Carlos, Fidelina N.Despite strong theoretical support, empirical evidence on the social rates of return of education has been mixed. In the Philippines, there is a limited number of studies done on social returns and all estimates are smaller than private returns since these only consider the social costs of education and not its social benefit. Using samples from the 2003 and 2013 July Labor Force Surveys and PSA' s annual Gross Regional Domestic Expenditure publications from 1993-2013, this paper attempts to estimate the social rates of return of education in the country and compare it to its private counterpart. Average formal years of schooling per region are used as proxies for human capital stock while GDP per capita, GDP per labor, and GDP per hour worked are used as proxies for productivity. Results show that private returns of education is between 12-14% but there is weak evidence of the existence of social rates of return. Jobless growth and near micronumerosity may have caused the insignificance of the results. This is consistent with Pritchett's analysis that social returns to education is weak if there is limited demand for an educated workforce.Item Restricted Household headship types and the child's educational attainment(2013-04) De Guzman, Angelica Teresa A.; Tan, Maika Charisse W.; Pernia, Ernesto M.We examine whether there is a significant relationship between household headship types (i.e. only a father is present, only a mother is present, or both parents are present) and the child's educational attainment, measured in years of schooling. Analyzing the Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS) data for the years 2004 and 2010 in a regression framework, we find that there is indeed an association between the types of household headship and child's educational attainment. Among the household headship types, female-headed households show the highest degree of association with years of schooling. The educational attainment of the parentis, the number of children in the family, the family's income, and their living environment are all significantly associated with years of schooling as well.Item Restricted Mother's education and vitamin A intake of children: the case of the Philippines(2013-10) DeIa Cruz, Christine Jane F.; Vizmanos, Jana Flor V.; Alonzo, Ruperto P.Vitamin A is one of the most essential nutrients that a child needs. This study examines the prevalence of vitamin A intake of children in relation to mothers' educational level using the data from the 2003 National Demographic and Health Survey conducted by the National Statistics Office and applying logistic regression to measure the outcome of maternal education against child nutrition. Among the findings of this paper are: I) Maternal education is statistically significant at 0.001 level with each level of education having a p-value close to 0.000; 2) Most of the mothers who haven't attended formal schooling are not informed with the essential nutrients that their child needs.Item Restricted Determinants of teenage pregnancy in Metro Manila(2013-04) Jacinto, Lisa Marie B.; Yu, Patricia Marie Y.; Pernia, Ernesto M.This study aims to identify the different factors influencing teenage pregnancy in Metro Manila. It focuses on the education of teenage girls and their parents. We want to find out whether or not educational attainment is a key determinant of teenage pregnancy in Filipino households. We hypothesize that the more aware teenagers are of the reproductive health issues and concerns, the lower teenage pregnancy incidence would be. Likewise, we believe that if parents become more open with their children about sexuality, teenage pregnancy risks would be minimized. For our data, we conducted a Ā§mall survey of teenage girls currently or previously teenage mothers. Besides education, our survey covered other variables such as age, contraceptive use, teaching of contraceptive use by parents, and the presence of other teenage mothers in the family who are also likely to influence the teenagers' sexual behavior. We conclude with a summing-up and possible implications for policy and future research.Item Restricted An analysis of the effects of remittances on public education expenditure(2012-10) Baria, Steven B.; Guingguing, Ronn Patrick L.; Kraft, Aleli D.Two factors set the stage for this research: the upward trend of migration and remittances globally especially in the Philippines and the importance of government expenditure on education. It aims to find out the regional relationship and the direction of the effect of remittances on government appropriation to education. It also intends to analyze if the perceived effect of remittances on basic education expenditure is different from that of tertiary education, or vice-versa. A simple theoretical model where government intervention is motivated by the presence of credit constraints is employed. It presents two countervailing effects. First, an increase in remittances relaxes private liquidity constraints, leading to a shift from public to private spending. On the other hand, households might tend to send their children to school than to the labor market because of these remittances and thus an increase in the demand for educational services. From this framework, an inverted U-relationship between remittances and public education expenditure is expected. GMM estimation is employed. Results show that the inverted U-relationship is exhibited best in the utilization of basic education expenditure as the dependent variable. Using tertiary education expenditure exhibits the direct opposite relationship, while in the aggregate level the relationship becomes insignificant.Item Restricted An impact analysis on the monetary effects of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program to household food and education consumption(2012-04) Perez, Jo-anne Geneive DJ.; Vicencio, Mark Gabriel; Mendoza, Maria Nimfa F.We measure the possible effect of the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program to household expenditure on food and education by estimating the changes in food and education expenditure brought about by the urban/rural differences, household head gender, and per capita income. To concentrate the estimation on the 4Ps beneficiaries, changes are estimated considering the poorest decile of the sample from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey 2006 and 2009. As estimated, the cash transfers from the 4Ps yielded an increase in the households' food and education expenditure.Item Restricted The determinants of national achievement test in public high school in the National Capital Region(2011-10) Busine, Maria Clarabel S.; Logronio, Angelo J.; Diokno, Benjamin E.Education is one of humans' basic necessities, which is an important tool for the attainment of their goal of attaining better human capital. Education is a good investment for the future thus attaining high levels of achievement in education is important. As seen in the 2009 National Achievement Test results which tells us the effectiveness of the system of education, averages of the public high schools within the National Capital Region lie below the 50 percent mark. In the school year 2009-2010, out of the 232 public schools in the Philippines only 32 made it above the 70% mark, all of which are public science high schools. As seen in the results of the study, there is a certain disparity among public science and public regular high schools. Among the significant school factors, student - teacher ratio and the promotion rate of students yield the most effect to the NAT results. What was unusual in our model was that the budget per student which was a clear and obvious way of increasing the NAT yielded negative relationship with NAT. There was a certain anomaly in the distribution of the budget. What's seen in paper in the budget sector may not be properly implemented.Item Restricted Quality or quantity: probing on the K-12 program implementation(2011-10) CaƱete, Precious Anne C.; Miranda, Irene Concepcion A.; Tan, Edita A.