BS Economics
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Browsing BS Economics by Subject "4Ps"
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Item Restricted A study on the effects of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program on child labor outcomes(2016-12) Galano, Aaron Christopher Anthony P. ; Yu, John Daryl B.; Jandoc, Karl Robert L.Child labor is a serious issue in the Philippines as more than 3 million children are affected – many of which are involved in hazardous work. The Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program (4Ps), a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, grants cash to poor households upon the fulfillment of stipulated conditions – one of which involves sending children to school. Given its structure, the 4Ps seems to be an apt policy in dealing with issue. This study explores the impact of the 4Ps program on child labor incidence and number of working children using propensity score matching. Average treatment effects on the treated (ATTs) are computed for the given outcome variables and are compared. The 2011 results present positive ATTs that are statistically significant, indicating that 4Ps households have higher incidence and number of children working on average. In 2014, this result vanishes, suggesting a reduction in presence of child labor among 4Ps households. This is supported by lower ATT values for beneficiary households in comparison to 2011. However, the ATT values of 2014 prove to be insignificant, signaling the need for more conclusive evidence through other methods. Nonetheless, the study does hint on the potency of the program to combat child labor.Item Restricted Adult labor supply effects the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program: a cross-sectional analysis(2013-10) Castro, Adrian Christian S.; Nieves, John Paulo G.; Ducanes, Geoffrey M.The country's CCT program, the Pantawid Pamilyang Filipino Program is primarily designed to break the inter-generational transfer of poverty by way of giving cash transfers to beneficiary households under the condition that parents regularly send children to school, visit the local healthcare facility and attend parenting seminars. CCTs around the world have been monitored for possible adult labor supply effects as similar past programs have been inducing an income effect among beneficiaries. There have been empirically observed employment effects among Brazil's CCT while there were no significant effects in other CCT's such as in Mexico. Using the Annual Poverty Indicators Survey of 2011, we find that there are positive employment effects for beneficiaries, whether parent or non-parent adult with the exception of women. We also find lower wages for CCT beneficiaries, possibly indicating a shift from formal to more informal work. Such effects were finally observed to be weaker in households belonging to poorer income groups, implying better program outcome compared to those in less poor income groups.Item Restricted An evaluation of the targeting performances of the Regional offices in the implementation of Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program(2014-04) Cainglet, Jade M.; Garcia, Christell Jill R.; Clarete, Ramon L.This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the conditional cash transfer (CCT) program of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) in anchoring poor households in the country out of poverty. We examine whether the actual household recipients of the program benefits are also its intended beneficiaries at the start of its implementation. Thus, we determine whether the program is successful in channeling the benefits it promises the poor to the poor households as determined by the 2011 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS). Using the variables akin to the eligibility criteria used in the program, i.e. poor households with child/ren aged 0-14 and/or have pregnant woman at the time of the assessment, this paper employs the Multinomial Logistic Regression to empirically test for the presence of leakages and under coverage in the program. We then compare the likelihood of the case of leakages and under coverage per region. By estimating a regression model that use regions to evaluate the effectiveness of the program, the authors generate a ranking of the regions according to the magnitude of leakage and under coverage that will likely be present in these regions. The results show that Region CAR produce the worst leakage problem while Region 9 produce the least. Moreover, Region NCR produce the least undercoverage problems while Region CARAGA produce the worst undercoverage problem. Also, the regression results also show that the undercoverage problem is extensive, also relative to leakage, such that the some regions with large percentage of actual beneficiary households are those of with low probabilities falling under the right targeting of actual household beneficiaries. DSWD is giving less priority to regions with low right targeted households pertaining to qualified households that are actual beneficiaries. Using these results, the authors establish that geographical targeting, or targeting that concentrate benefits to poor households in regions based on their poor status/eligibility into the program lessens/worsens the case of leakages and/or under coverage in certain regions. We also find that focusing on Region 9 and 4b will improve DSWD's targeting efforts.Item Restricted An ex-ante evaluation of the effects of the 4P CCT program on household welfare, poverty and inequality(2010-04) Raymundo, Denisse Monica; Sanchez, Ma. Jessica Christine; Jandoc, KarlWe measure the household expenditure and welfare effects of the World Bank Conditional Cash Transfer Program by estimating the changes in income brought about by an increase of five years of schooling for every income-qualified and age-qualified child. To eliminate externalities, changes are estimated considering income as a function of only the number of children and the total years of child schooling in the household. Two different targeting strategies were used and compared-the targeting applied by DSWD (children of poor households of the 40 poorest provinces) and targeting children of all poor households. Both targeting schemes were shown to increase the income of the beneficiaries, reducing poverty and inequality levels of the population.Item Restricted An impact analysis on the monetary effects of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program to household food and education consumption(2012-04) Perez, Jo-anne Geneive DJ.; Vicencio, Mark Gabriel; Mendoza, Maria Nimfa F.We measure the possible effect of the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program to household expenditure on food and education by estimating the changes in food and education expenditure brought about by the urban/rural differences, household head gender, and per capita income. To concentrate the estimation on the 4Ps beneficiaries, changes are estimated considering the poorest decile of the sample from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey 2006 and 2009. As estimated, the cash transfers from the 4Ps yielded an increase in the households' food and education expenditure.Item Restricted CCT wate to save: a study on the effect of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) on the saving behavior households(2018-05) Libunao, Alyssa Marielle B. ; Oxina, Margarette Anne C. ; Jandoc, Karl Robert L.The study explores the effect of Panatawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) on the savings behavior of its household beneficiaries. Given that the 4Ps has already reached its maturity, we find it important to investigate the sustainability of the program by seeking the households’ savings behavior. Since income is one of the most important determinants of savings, the study answers the question: Does 4Ps encourage poor households to save more, given their higher disposable income from cash transfers, or is there a need for direct intervention aimed at improving the savings behavior of households? The sample used was divided into two: restricted and unrestricted. The unrestricted sample utilizes the complete Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS) 2016 dataset while the restricted sample limits the dataset to households belonging to the bottom three income deciles, which makes the restricted sample more concentrated on the lower-income households. Using propensity score matching, the results show that actual savings is statistically insignificant for both samples used. One major finding, however, reveals that 4Ps beneficiaries are more likely to avail a loan compared to non-beneficiaries.Item Restricted Comparing the monetary stipend of conditional cash transfers vis-a-vis earnings from child labour(2011-01) Hermoso, Agnes Joy Chan; Lim, Anna Michelle Iglesias; Solon, Jose Orville C.This paper discusses the monetary trade-offs between the Conditional Cash Transfers (CCT) (CCT) in Philippines, Philippines, dubbed Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), (4Ps), vis-a-vis earnings from This labour. This constitutes an assessment on the policy's effectiveness in reducing detrimental problems in education, health and poverty, with a distinctive focus on the indirect The on child labor. The study considers significant Annual Poverty Indicators Survey 2008 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey Filipino that affect an average Filipino household's income Results representation to the Ordinary Least Squares Method. The simulated using Ordinary Least Squares Method. The Conditional Cash Transfers that the monetary support from Conditional Cash Transfers is significantly larger than the child labor income. A plausible manifestation of this is the improved school participation of children since the pilot of the program. Relevance of this paper can be attributed to better modification for the policy's succeeding implementation and targeting.Item Restricted Does helping hurt? An evaluation of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program and its effect on labor participation(2018-05-04) Ong, John Anthony D. ; Racela, Jeremiah Louis M. ; Daway-Ducanes, Sarah Lynne S.This paper evaluates the impact of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (Pantawid) on labor force participation. Conditional cash transfers like Pantawid are asserted to induce laziness or dependency due to the increase in unearned income. The analysis is undertaken through a logistic regression using a pseudo-panel dataset derived from the Annual Poverty Indicators and Labor Force Surveys. Estimates from the labor participation model, measured in terms of being employed or not and average weekly work hours, show that CCTs per se does not foster dependency on social assistance, consistent with the previous studies done on CCTs in other countries. The results even show a significant positive effect on labor participation. However, there is a negative effect on the likelihood of working among urban beneficiaries but given the small marginal effect, the researchers believe that this may not necessarily be due to laziness but more likely to the existence of stronger competition for job opportunities in urban areas.Item Restricted Effectivity of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program on maternal health care of the beneficiaries(2018-05) Tulauan, Nerie Angelie T. ; Ybañez, Patricia Mae L. ; Jandoc, Karl Robert L.Maternal health is the health status of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, and postnatal period. According to the World Health Organization, hemorrhage, infection, high blood pressure, unsafe abortion, and obstructed labor are the major direct causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. Partly to address this problem in the Philippines, the government has created the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program to expand utilization of maternal health care services for its beneficiaries, particularly the poor households. This study uses the 2013 round of National Demographic and Health Survey and employ Propensity Score Matching (PSM) in order to assess outcome differences between Pantawid household beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. The results show that the covariates are consistent with the program’s targeting mechanism in which among the 32 covariates, 11 are statistically significant (at the 1 percent level). The results also show that being a Pantawid beneficiary significantly improves the maternal and neonatal health of the recipients through continuous utilization of proper maternal health care services required by the program but facility-based delivery and delivery assistance by skilled health birth attendants were not significantly improved by the program.Item Restricted Ex ante impact evaluation of the pantawid pamilyang Pilipino program on school attendance: a regional decompsition(2010-10) Orbien, Lyra Benedicte T.; Yra, Jessica Joy G.; Capuno, JosephThis paper presents an ex ante evaluation of the implementation of the first ever conditional cash transfer (CCT) program in the Philippines which is named as Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps). The effect of the cash transfer provided by the 4Ps on the school attendance of children is examined in the study. The targeting criteria of the program and different transfer amounts are utilized in the simulation approach to assess the overall effectiveness of the 4Ps to elicit response from poor households, on the national and regional level and across income classes. The simulation is carried out based on the utility maximization model of the household. Results suggest that the 4Ps has varying effects in terms of increasing the probability of school attendance across regions and its impact is more pronounced in low-income households. Relevant policy decisions can be made from these results.Item Restricted Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program and labor supply: implication on benefeciary household heads' labor force participation(2011-04) Peralta, Rhegine Taruc; Velasquez, Astrid Mae Bombais; Kraft, Aleli D.The paper explores the country's leading poverty reduction scheme, Pantawid Pamilyang Filipino Program, Program, and its potential unintended consequences with particular emphasis on the labor Data effects. Data Annual Poverty Indicator Survey Indicator Survey conducted in 2007 is employed to empirically test the existence of worker disincentive effects resulting from Using conditional cash grants. Using logistic regression to estimate the program's effect on beneficiary household heads' binary decision of working or not, the paper finds that: a) the amount of the transfer is not too substantial to impinge on the participation of the household head in the labor market, as revealed by the insignificant magnitude of the income effect; b) the final impact on the head's work decision depends so much more on the price effect of conditionality and the corresponding association among the labor of Given members, particularly between the child and the household head. Given this, 4Ps appears that the greater part of the impact of 4Ps on head's labor participation channels through the effect of conditionality, rather than the effect of the cash grants.Item Restricted Tagay at yosi:an analysis of alcohol and tobacco spending patterns across 4Ps household and other determinants(2016-05-25) Gutierrez, Miguel Raymundo C. ; Mate, Erwin John L.; Reside, Renato Jr. E.The Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Program has been lauded as one of the most effective social security nets for the poor. Different CCT programs across countries have been consistently proven to promote capital accumulation– enabling poverty alleviation and preventing recurrence. In contrast and on a related note, however, a number of studies have found that people below the poverty line were more likely to consume alcohol and/or tobacco, comprising large shares of total household expenditures and exacerbating poverty. In light of such, this study aims to identify and measure systematic relationships between drinking as well as smoking behaviors and other household characteristics that would be the determinants thereof– with particular attention to member households of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), the CCT program of the Philippines. Using the 2014 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey, the study estimated a number of OLS regressions as well as an Ordered Logit regression to detect and measure said relationships, if any existed. Results have shown that 4Ps payments do not systematically affect alcohol and tobacco spending nor does membership significantly affect falling into a certain spending range for the said commodities, suggesting that the 4Ps boasts a well-design program. Among other results, it was also found that drinking and smoking behaviors are closely related such that one tends to encourage the other. Moreover, female- headed households tended to spend less on alcohol and tobacco, encouraging the initiative of deliberately and preferentially identifying women as the recipient of 4Ps payments on behalf of their respective households.Item Restricted The impact of CCT program on child labor: the case of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program in the Philippines(2014-04) Pilarta, Wilbert Alhambra; Pingol, Agbayani II Punzalan; Carlos, Fidelina N.Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs have been the target of research and impact evaluations because of their effects on labor market decisions. This paper focuses on the CCT program in the Philippines and on its impact on child labor. Logistic regression shows that the program has a positive effect on school enrollment but a negative or an insignificant effect on child labor, which implies that the CCT program is an ineffective way of combating child labor. Furthermore, it discourages child labor for younger children (aged 4-9) but not for older children aged (10-17). These findings confirm CCT impact evaluations in Latin America and confonn with Becker's theories on allocation of time and on social interactions.